Factors associated with generalised anxiety (GAD-7) among pregnant and postpartum women
| Pregnant | Postpartum | |||
| Crude | Adjusted* | Crude | Adjusted† | |
| Exp(β) (95% CI) | Exp(β) (95% CI) | Exp(β) (95% CI) | Exp(β) (95% CI) | |
| Country | ||||
| Norway | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Belgium | 0.81 (0.73 to 0.89) | 0.83 (0.74 to 0.92) | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.88) | 0.80 (0.70 to 0.90) |
| Switzerland | 0.63 (0.55 to 0.71) | 0.64 (0.56 to 0.74) | 0.75 (0.65 to 0.87) | 0.75 (0.62 to 0.91) |
| The Netherlands | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.78) | 0.72 (0.61 to 0.84) | 0.58 (0.50 to 0.67) | 0.59 (0.50 to 0.69) |
| UK | 1.22 (1.10 to 1.36) | 1.23 (1.09 to 1.39) | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.30) | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.34) |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||
| 18–30 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 31–40 | 0.94 (0.89 to 1.00) | NI | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.95) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) |
| >40 | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.26) | NI | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.09) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.18) |
| Professional status | ||||
| Professionally active | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Not professionally active | 1.28 (1.16 to 1.40) | NI | 1.25 (1.10 to 1.41) | 1.16 (1.01 to 1.32) |
| Healthcare worker | ||||
| Yes | 0.90 (0.84 to 0.96) | 0.91 (0.85 to 0.97) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) | NI |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 1.47 (1.15 to 1.88) | 1.34 (1.00 to 1.80) | 1.33 (1.00 to 1.77) | 1.33 (0.98 to 1.81) |
| COVID-19 status | ||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Positive test/symptomatic | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.22) | 1.13 (1.02 to 1.25) | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.11) | NI |
| Pre-existing mental illness | ||||
| Yes | 1.50 (1.25 to 1.78) | 1.49 (1.21 to 1.83) | 1.86 (1.42 to 2.45) | 1.80 (1.34 to 2.41) |
| Chronic somatic illness | ||||
| Yes | 1.12 (1.06 to 1.19) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.15) | 1.20 (1.10 to 1.30) | 1.15 (1.05 to 1.26) |
| Planned pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| No | 1.30 (0.15 to 1.46) | 1.23 (1.08 to 1.41) | N/A | N/A |
| No, but it was not unexpected | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.33) | 1.19 (1.08 to 1.30) | N/A | N/A |
| Currently breast feeding‡ | ||||
| No | N/A | N/A | 1.12 (0.98 to 1.29) | NI |
*Adjusted for country, healthcare worker, smoking in pregnancy, COVID-19 status, pre-existing mental and chronic somatic illness and planned pregnancy.
†Adjusted for country, maternal age, smoking in post partum, COVID-19 status, pre-existing mental and chronic somatic illness and currently breast feeding.
‡Refers to breast feeding at the time of survey completion. If not otherwise stated, the reference group is the counterpart.
Exp(β), exponentiated beta-values; GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder; N/A, not available; NI, not included.