Factors associated with major depressive symptoms (EDS ≥13) among pregnant and postpartum women
Pregnant | Postpartum | |||
cOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR* (95% CI) | |
Country | ||||
Norway | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Belgium | 0.80 (0.56 to 1.13) | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.28) | 1.02 (0.69 to 1.53) | 0.94 (0.62 to 1.43) |
Switzerland | 0.56 (0.33 to 0.95) | 0.63 (0.36 to 1.12) | 0.78 (0.48 to 1.28) | 0.66 (0.38 to 1.15) |
The Netherlands | 0.66 (0.38 to 1.15) | 0.74 (0.40 to 1.36) | 0.69 (0.40 to 1.20) | 0.64 (0.37 to 1.13) |
UK | 2.97 (2.23 to 3.95) | 2.96 (2.12 to 4.13) | 3.12 (1.99 to 4.89) | 2.51 (1.52 to 4.12) |
Professional status | ||||
Professionally active | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Not professionally active | 1.99 (1.53 to 2.59) | NI | 1.49 (1.02 to 2.20) | 1.40 (0.95 to 2.08) |
Healthcare worker | ||||
Yes | 0.75 (0.60 to 0.95) | 0.80 (0.63 to 1.01) | 1.06 (0.79 to 1.43) | NI |
Smoking | ||||
Yes | 1.84 (0.92 to 3.67) | NI | 1.47 (0.62 to 3.44) | NI |
COVID-19 status | ||||
None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Positive test/symptomatic | 1.56 (1.19 to 2.04) | 1.32 (0.96 to 1.82) | 1.33 (0.97 to 1.82) | 1.67 (1.11 to 2.51) |
Pre-existing mental illness | ||||
Yes | 2.60 (1.64 to 4.10) | 2.45 (1.39 to 4.31) | 4.52 (2.28 to 8.98) | 4.12 (2.01 to 8.45) |
Planned pregnancy | ||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
No | 1.81 (1.29 to 2.56) | 1.71 (1.12 to 2.62) | N/A | N/A |
No, but it was not unexpected | 1.32 (1.02 to 1.72) | 1.31 (0.97 to 1.78) | N/A | N/A |
Currently breast feeding† | ||||
No | N/A | N/A | 1.86 (1.26 to 2.74) | 1.53 (1.00 to 2.35) |
*Adjusted for country, professional status, COVID-19 status, pre-existing mental illness and currently breast feeding.
†Refers to breast feeding at the time of survey completion. If not otherwise stated, the reference group is the counterpart.
aOR, adjusted OR; cOR, crude OR; EDS, Edinburgh Depression Scale; N/A, not available; NI, not included.