Sociodemographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics presented in the overall sample and by CKD status
| Sociodemographic variables | Total (n=690) | Without CKD (n=565) | CKD (n=125) | P value |
| Age (years) | 52 (45–59) | 52 (45–59) | 53 (47–60) | 0.241 |
| Gender (n,% female) | 558 (80.9) | 460 (81.4) | 98 (78.4) | 0.438 |
| African Diabetes Risk Score | 2.3 (1.7–3.4) | 2.3 (1.7–3.4) | 2.4 (1.8–3.4) | 0.882 |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 91.0 (79.6–103.6) | 92.2 (80.4–104.6) | 88.0 (76.1–101.3) | 0.050 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.7 (95.3–111.1) | 103.4 (95.7–111.1) | 101.3 (93.4–111.1) | 0.242 |
| Hip circumference (cm) (n=632) | 112.6 (103.2–121.7) | 113.0 (104.3–122.4) | 111.3 (102.1–118.3) | 0.067 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 35.6 (30.5–40.5) | 35.7 (30.6–40.6) | 33.9 (29.4–39.9) | 0.185 |
| Body mass index categories (n, %) | 0.316 | |||
| Normal | 29 (4.2) | 23 (4.1) | 6 (4.8) | |
| Overweight | 129 (18.7) | 100 (17.7) | 29 (23.2) | |
| Obese | 532 (77.1) | 442 (78.2) | 90 (72.0) | |
| Blood pressure (BP) | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 124.5 (113.5–137.0) | 123.5 (113.5–135.0) | 128.0 (116.0–145.5) | 0.004 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 83.0 (77.0–91.5) | 83.0 (77.0–90.3) | 86.0 (78.5–94.5) | 0.014 |
| Hypertension | 379 (55.0) | 304 (53.9) | 75 (60.0) | 0.215 |
| Among participants with hypertension (n=379): | <0.0001 | |||
| Treated and controlled BP | 143 (37.7) | 127 (41.8) | 16 (21.3) | |
| Treated and uncontrolled BP | 103 (27.2) | 71 (23.4) | 32 (42.7) | |
| Screen-detected HPT | 133 (35.1) | 106 (34.9) | 27 (36.0) | |
| Biochemical | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 (4.6–5.5) | 5.0 (4.6–5.5) | 5.0 (4.6–5.6) | 0.691 |
| 2-hour glucose (mmol/L) (n=688) | 6.0 (4.9–7.4) | 6.0 (4.9–7.3) | 6.3 (5.1–7.6) | 0.205 |
| Glucose categories (n, %) (n=688) | 0.600 | |||
| Normoglycaemia | 520 (75.6) | 428 (76.0) | 92 (73.6) | |
| Pre-diabetes (IFG/IGT) | 102 (14.8) | 84 (14.9) | 18 (14.4) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 66 (9.6) | 51 (9.1) | 15 (12.0) | |
| HbA1c (%) (n=685) | 5.8 (5.6–6.1) | 5.8 (5.6–6.1) | 5.9 (5.6–6.2) | 0.740 |
| Fasting insulin (IU/L) | 8.8 (6.2–12.6) | 8.5 (5.9–12.1) | 11.1 (7.2–14.8) | 0.144 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 6.1 (5.0–7.8) | 6.0 (5.0–7.7) | 6.2 (5.1–8.1) | 0.222 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) (n=688) | 2.3 (2.3–2.4) | 2.3 (2.3–2.4) | 2.4 (2.3–2.4) | 0.644 |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) (n=688) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.981 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (IU/L) (n=688) | 36.0 (24.0–61.0) | 35.0 (24.0–55.0) | 47.0 (26.0–78.0) | 0.008 |
| High gamma-glutamyl transferase (n=688) | 315 (45.8) | 245 (43.4) | 70 (56.5) | 0.008 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) (n=688) | 24.0 (20.0–29.0) | 23.0 (20.0–29.0) | 26.0 (21.0–34.0) | 0.004 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) (n=646) | 22.0 (16.0–32.0) | 22.0 (16.0–32.0) | 22.0 (17.0–33.0) | 0.372 |
| AST/ALT ratio | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.110 |
| Fibrosis-4 index (n=644) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 0.016 |
| Liver fibrosis (n, %) | 0.065 | |||
| No risk | 497 (77.2) | 413 (78.4) | 84 (71.8) | |
| Intermediate risk | 138 (21.4) | 109 (20.7) | 29 (24.8) | |
| High risk | 9 (1.4) | 5 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | |
| Red blood cells (×1012/L) | 4.6 (4.2–4.9) | 4.6 (4.3–4.9) | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | 0.046 |
| White blood cells (×109/L) | 23.0 (18.0–28.0) | 23.0 (18.3–28.0) | 23.0 (17.0–28.0) | 0.270 |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 276 (235–325) | 276.0 (234.5–322.5) | 276.0 (235.0–333.0) | 0.705 |
| Haematocrit (volume %) | 0.4 (0.4–0.4) | 0.4 (0.4–0.4) | 0.4 (0.4–0.4) | 0.442 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 135 (126–143) | 135 (127–143) | 134 (124–144) | 0.491 |
| Anaemia, n (%) | 103 (14.9) | 77 (13.6) | 26 (20.8) | 0.042 |
Data are presented as median (25–75th percentiles) or count and percentages.
AST/ALT ratio, aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HPT, hypertension; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance.