Baseline characteristics before and after propensity score matching
| Characteristic | Before matching | After matching | ||||
| CSMT | Other care | P value | CSMT | Other care | P value | |
| N | 5785 | 482 704 | 5785 | 5785 | ||
| Age | 36.9±8.2 | 37.4±8.2 | <0.001 | 36.9±8.2 | 36.9±8.2 | 0.972 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 3535 (61%) | 288 061 (60%) | 0.028 | 3535 (61%) | 3539 (61%) | 0.939 |
| Male | 2250 (39%) | 194 587 (40%) | 0.029 | 2250 (39%) | 2245 (39%) | 0.924 |
| Race | ||||||
| Black or African American | 431 (8%) | 90 838 (19%) | <0.001 | 431 (8%) | 433 (8%) | 0.944 |
| White | 4389 (76%) | 313 938 (65%) | <0.001 | 4389 (76%) | 4368 (76%) | 0.649 |
| Asian | 99 (2%) | 9913 (2%) | 0.068 | 99 (2%) | 100 (2%) | 0.943 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 157 (3%) | 37 715 (8%) | <0.001 | 157 (3%) | 154 (3%) | 0.863 |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 4839 (84%) | 311 836 (65%) | <0.001 | 4839 (84%) | 4808 (83%) | 0.439 |
| Conditions (ICD-10) | ||||||
| Mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders (F01-F99) | 2177 (38%) | 145 444 (30%) | <0.001 | 2177 (38%) | 2158 (37%) | 0.715 |
| Lumbosacral root disorders, not elsewhere classified (G54.4) | 24 (<1%) | 878 (<1%) | <0.001 | 24 (<1%) | 16 (<1%) | 0.205 |
| Radiculopathy, lumbar region (M54.16) | 1713 (30%) | 138 388 (29%) | 0.115 | 1713 (30%) | 1666 (29%) | 0.337 |
| Radiculopathy, lumbosacral region (M54.17) | 1420 (25%) | 73 363 (15%) | <0.001 | 1420 (25%) | 1375 (24%) | 0.328 |
| Radiculopathy, sacral and sacrococcygeal region (M54.18) | 62 (1%) | 1052 (<1%) | <0.001 | 62 (1%) | 58 (1%) | 0.714 |
| Sciatica (M54.3) | 1432 (25%) | 150 984 (31%) | <0.001 | 1432 (25%) | 1407 (24%) | 0.589 |
| Lumbago with sciatica (M54.4) | 1411 (24%) | 158 467 (33%) | <0.001 | 1411 (24%) | 1360 (24%) | 0.267 |
| Procedure (ICD-10-PCS) | ||||||
| Introduction of anaesthetic agent into spinal canal, percutaneous approach | 10 (<1%) | 991 (<1%) | 0.588 | 10 (<1%) | 10 (<1%) | 1 |
| Medications (VANDF) | ||||||
| Opioid Analgesics (CN101) | 1883 (33%) | 156 838 (33%) | 0.925 | 1883 (33%) | 1881 (33%) | 0.968 |
| Central nervous system medications (CN000) | 3619 (63%) | 279 764 (58%) | <0.001 | 3619 (63%) | 3603 (62%) | 0.759 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 30.6±6.9 | 30.6±7.2 | 0.571 | 30.6±6.9 | 30.1±7.2 | 0.005 |
BMI, body mass index; CSMT, chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy; ICD, International Classification of Disease; ICD-10-PCS, International Classification of Disease procedure coding system; VANDF, Veterans Health Administration National Drug File.