Tertile 1 (N=241, ≤242) | Tertile 2 (N=240, 243–347) | Tertile 3 (N=240, ≥348) | Statistics | |
Male | 149 (61.8) | 181 (75.4) | 170 (70.8) | 0.032 |
Female | 92 (38.2) | 59 (24.6) | 70 (29.2) | 0.043 |
Age ≤45 years | 64 (26.6) | 42 (17.5) | 35 (14.6) | <0.001 |
Age 46–60 years | 87 (36.1) | 98 (40.8) | 95 (39.6) | 0.236 |
Age >60 years | 90 (37.3) | 100 (41.7) | 110 (45.8) | <0.001 |
Medical comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension | 98 (40.7) | 119 (49.6) | 110 (45.8) | 0.254 |
Cardiovascular disease | 41 (17.0) | 41 (17.1) | 36 (15.0) | 0.551 |
Diabetes | 94 (39.0) | 102 (42.5) | 92 (38.3) | 0.882 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 08 (3.3) | 02 (0.8) | 06 (2.5) | 0.167 |
Clinical features and investigations | ||||
Fever | 195 (80.9) | 210 (87.5) | 205 (85.4) | 0.177 |
Shortness of breath | 69 (28.6) | 108 (45.0) | 167 (69.6) | <0.001 |
Pulse (per minute) | 86.0 (78.0–98.5) | 90.0 (81.0–101.7) | 90.0 (80.0–104.7) | 0.135 |
Oxygen (SpO2, %) | 97.0 (95.0–98.0) | 96.0 (92.0–97.0) | 90.0 (80.0–94.0) | <0.001 |
Systolic BP, mm Hg | 130.0 (120.0–141.5) | 133.0 (122.2–146.0) | 133.0 (122.0–146.0) | 0.082 |
Haemoglobin (g/L) | 128 (116–140) | 128 (116–142) | 128 (115–139) | 0.762 |
White cell count (109/L) | 5.8 (4.5–7.3) | 6.7 (4.7–9.7) | 8.4 (5.9–12.1) | <0.001 |
Neutrophils (%) | 71.9 (59.8–81.3) | 79.2 (70.6–88.2) | 87.0 (80.0–91.5) | <0.001 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 22.1 (14.2–32.2) | 14.9 (8.5–23.4) | 9.4 (6.0–16.5) | <0.001 |
Platelet count (109/L) | 2.2 (1.7–2.8) | 2.2 (1.6–2.8) | 2.1 (1.6–2.9) | 0.729 |
hsCRP (mg/dL) | 2.3 (0.75–6.7) | 8.8 (4.2–20.0) | 18.2 (8.4–39.6) | <0.001 |
D-dimer (ng/dL) | 292.0 (167.0–633.1) | 346.5 (182.7–668.1) | 758.4 (382.2–1715.1) | <0.001 |
Interleukin-6 (ng/dL) | 10.8 (3.8–28.1) | 25.3 (9.6–66.2) | 42.8 (13.1–112.3) | <0.001 |
Ferritin (mg/dL) | 180.9 (84.3–320.7) | 357.2 (169.3–618.9) | 592.0 (374.0–1173.0) | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.88 (0.75–1.08) | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | 1.01 (0.84–1.37) | 0.001 |
Sodium (mEq/L) | 139.0 (137.0–141.0) | 137.0 (134.0–140.0) | 138.0 (134.0–141.0) | <0.001 |
Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.3 (4.0–4.7) | 4.5 (4.1–4.8) | 4.6 (4.1–5.1) | 0.002 |
Serum aspartate transaminase (units) | 21.6 (15.4–30.7) | 32.9 (21.0–48.6) | 37.0 (23.1–63.1) | <0.001 |
Serum glutamate transaminase (units) | 22.5 (17.4–29.6) | 32.6 (23.6–46.0) | 45.6 (31.5–68.7) | <0.001 |
HRCT scan thorax score (out of 25) | 7.0 (2.0–11.0) | 13.0 (10.0–16.0) | 17.0 (13.2–21.0) | <0.001 |
Medicines | ||||
Steroids | 214 (88.8) | 236 (98.3) | 236 (98.3) | <0.001 |
Remdesivir | 199 (82.6) | 226 (94.2) | 221 (92.1) | 0.001 |
Anticoagulants | 216 (89.6) | 229 (95.4) | 233 (97.1) | 0.001 |
Tocilizumab/bevacizumab | 03 (1.2) | 13 (5.4) | 42 (17.5) | <0.001 |
Outcomes | ||||
O2 required | 42 (17.4) | 85 (35.4) | 178 (74.2) | <0.001 |
Duration (days) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–6.0) | 6.0 (2.0–10.5) | <0.001 |
Proning | 116 (48.1) | 151 (62.9) | 190 (79.2) | <0.001 |
Nasal cannula | 39 (16.2) | 78 (32.5) | 119 (49.6) | <0.001 |
High-flow nasal cannula | 10 (4.1) | 19 (7.9) | 66 (27.5) | <0.001 |
BiPaP support | 07 (2.9) | 19 (7.9) | 68 (28.3) | <0.001 |
Invasive ventilation | 08 (3.3) | 15 (6.3) | 70 (29.2) | <0.001 |
Secondary infection | 11 (4.6) | 20 (8.3) | 55 (22.9) | <0.001 |
Dialysis | 9 (3.7) | 3 (1.3) | 7 (2.9) | 0.233 |
Length of stay (day) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 8.0 (6.0–10.7) | 9.0 (7.0–13.0) | <0.001 |
ICU (days) | 8.0 (4.0–10.0) | 9.0 (6.0–15.0) | 8.0 (5.0–14.0) | 0.265 |
Transfer to hospice care | 27 (11.2) | 17 (7.1) | 46 (19.2) | 0.237 |
Deaths | 11 (4.6) | 20 (8.3) | 80 (33.3) | <0.001 |
BiPaP, bilevel positive airway pressure; BP, blood pressure; HRCT, high-resolution CT; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; ICU, intensive care unit; SpO2, oxygen saturation.