Multilevel logistic regression of individual and contextual factors associated with health insurance coverage among women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| Variables | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Individual-level characteristics | ||||
| Women current age | 1.010 (0.994–1.025) | 1.008 (0.993–1.023) | ||
| Woman’s education (in completed years) | 1.128*** (1.095–1.162) | 1.098*** (1.065–1.132) | ||
| Marital status (Ref.: single) | ||||
| Married or cohabiting | 0.489*** (0.286–0.836) | 0.587* (0.343–1.006) | ||
| Formerly married or cohabiting | 0.300*** (0.164–0.549) | 0.364*** (0.198–0.666) | ||
| Religion (Ref.: catholic) | ||||
| Protestant | 0.859 (0.668–1.105) | 0.863 (0.672–1.109) | ||
| Other Christians | 0.861 (0.694–1.069) | 0.830* (0.668–1.032) | ||
| Other religions | 0.879 (0.500–1.544) | 0.877 (0.499–1.541) | ||
| Working status (Ref.: no) | 0.990 (0.824–1.188) | 1.054 (0.877–1.265) | ||
| Index of media exposure | 1.810*** (1.515–2.163) | 1.488*** (1.245–1.778) | ||
| Children ever born | 1.062** (1.010–1.117) | 1.054** (1.003–1.108) | ||
| Antenatal care attendance (Ref.: no ANC) | ||||
| 1–3 ANC visits | 1.167 (0.708–1.925) | 1.035 (0.624–1.718) | ||
| 4+ ANC visits | 1.071 (0.641–1.788) | 0.926 (0.551–1.555) | ||
| Husband or partner’s education (Ref.: no education) | ||||
| Primary | 0.668 (0.372–1.198) | 0.705 (0.393–1.264) | ||
| Secondary | 1.033 (0.630–1.693) | 0.959 (0.585–1.573) | ||
| University or higher | 3.072*** (1.816–5.197) | 2.564*** (1.516–4.335) | ||
| Household-level and community-level characteristics | ||||
| Household head is female (Ref.: male) | 0.777** (0.636–0.948) | 0.829* (0.668–1.029) | ||
| Household Wealth Index (Ref.: 40% poor) | ||||
| Middle (20%) | 1.691** (1.095–2.612) | 1.375 (0.887–2.130) | ||
| Rich (40%) | 3.949*** (2.593–6.015) | 2.501*** (1.620–3.860) | ||
| Community literacy level (Ref.: low 33%) | ||||
| Medium (33%) | 0.822 (0.467–1.446) | 0.649 (0.370–1.139) | ||
| High (33%) | 2.209** (1.087–4.488) | 1.173 (0.573–2.403) | ||
| Community socioeconomic status—high (Ref.: 50% low) | 3.546*** (1.912–6.577) | 3.232*** (1.746–5.983) | ||
| Urban residence (Ref.: rural) | 0.942 (0.623–1.425) | 0.866 (0.570–1.314) | ||
| Province of residence (Ref.: Kinshasa) | ||||
| Bandundu | 0.363*** (0.168–0.784) | 0.408** (0.190–0.877) | ||
| Kongo Central | 0.202*** (0.076–0.541) | 0.308** (0.116–0.817) | ||
| Equateur | 0.651 (0.295–1.435) | 0.790 (0.361–1.729) | ||
| Kasai occidental | 0.259*** (0.097–0.687) | 0.350** (0.133–0.919) | ||
| Kasai oriental | 0.096*** (0.038–0.241) | 0.135*** (0.054–0.336) | ||
| Katanga | 0.870 (0.423–1.791) | 1.156 (0.564–2.371) | ||
| Maniema | 0.174*** (0.053–0.568) | 0.225** (0.069–0.726) | ||
| Nord Kivu | 0.941 (0.406–2.181) | 1.162 (0.502–2.689) | ||
| Orientale | 0.684 (0.318–1.473) | 0.874 (0.408–1.874) | ||
| Sud Kivu | 0.864 (0.346–2.159) | 1.167 (0.467–2.916) | ||
| Intraclass correlation | 0.613 (0.534–0.679) | 0.429 (0.359–0.504) | 0.352 (0.268–0.425) | 0.341 (0.275–0.415) |
| Observations | 18 827 | 18 827 | 18 827 | 18 827 |
| No of groups | 536 | 536 | 536 | 536 |
Source: DHS—2013–2014.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
.AOR, adjusted OR; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey.