Logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with AKI
| ORs and 95% CIs for AKI | |||
| Characteristic | Category | AKI OR (95% CI) | |
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for age and HIV status | ||
| Age | 20 | 1.07 (0.25 to 4.26) | 1.81 (0.86 to 22.19) |
| 30 | 0.91 (0.52 to 1.61) | 0.91 (0.66 to 2.18) | |
| 40 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | |
| 50 | 1.63 (1.14 to 2.21) | 1.59 (1.14 to 2.46) | |
| 60 | 3.45 (1.60 to 7.20) | 3.88 (1.84 to 16.64) | |
| 70 | 8.07 (2.24 to 30.72) | 14.59 (3.96 to 278.02) | |
| 80 | 18.93 (3.14 to 137.70) | 62.02 (9.82 to 5185.71) | |
| Sex | Female (ref) | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 0.96 (0.55 to 1.68) | 1.04 (0.38 to 2.82) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.04) | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.05) | |
| HIV | Positive | 1.65 (0.82 to 3.32) | 4.08 (1.28 to 15.67) |
| Negative | 1 | 1 | |
| Comorbidity | Hypertension | 2.40 (1.37 to 4.21) | 3.19 (0.43 to 29.27) |
| Structural | Microscopic haematuria | 3.92 (1.77 to 8.66) | 6.34 (1.99 to 24.87) |
| Proteinuria | 2.98 (1.75 to 5.07) | 4.05 (1.39 to 12.22) | |
| Kidney size | 0.86 (0.68 to 1.09) | 1.32 (0.82 to 2.15) | |
| Increased echogenicity | 1.33 (0.77 to 2.32) | 1.61 (0.59 to 4.44) | |
| Loss of corticomedullary differentiation | 1.20 (0.69 to 2.09) | 0.99 (0.36 to 2.73) | |
| Resistive index | 58.48 (1.32 to 2596.32) | 70.11 (0.79 to 84 185.95) | |
| Physiological | qSOFA score | 1.31 (0.81 to 2.11) | 1.79 (00.76 to 4.45) |
| Oxygen saturations | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.00) | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.21) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure* | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) | |
| Bicarbonate | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.86) | 0.79 (0.68 to 0.90) | |
Parameter estimates expressed as unadjusted and adjusted ORs and 95% CIs.
*Higher diastolic blood pressures were associated with AKI in the unadjusted model.
AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index; qSOFA, quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment.