Associations between different levels of psychological distress (GHQ-12) and all-cause mortality
| GHQ-score | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | No of deaths | |||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| Total population | 1389 | ||||||
| 0=REF | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 1–2 | 1.8*** | 1.4 to 2.2 | 1.5*** | 1.2 to 1.9 | 1.4** | 1.1 to 1.7 | |
| 3–5 | 2.4*** | 1.8 to 3.2 | 1.9*** | 1.4 to 2.6 | 1.6** | 1.2 to 2.1 | |
| 6–12 | 3.8*** | 3.0 to 5.0 | 2.7*** | 2.0 to 3.5 | 2.2*** | 1.6 to 2.8 | |
| Women | 574 | ||||||
| 0=REF | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 1–2 | 1.8*** | 1.3 to 2.4 | 1.4* | 1.0 to 2.0 | 1.3 | 0.9 to 1.8 | |
| 3–5 | 2.1*** | 1.5 to 3.2 | 1.6* | 1.1 to 2.4 | 1.4 | 0.9 to 2.0 | |
| 6–12 | 2.9*** | 2.0 to 4.1 | 1.9*** | 1.3 to 2.7 | 1.6* | 1.1 to 2.2 | |
| Men | 815 | ||||||
| 0=REF | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 1–2 | 1.8*** | 1.3 to 2.4 | 1.5** | 1.1 to 2.1 | 1.4* | 1.0 to 1.9 | |
| 3–5 | 2.6*** | 1.7 to 3.8 | 2.1*** | 1.4 to 3.3 | 1.8** | 1.2 to 2.7 | |
| 6–12 | 4.7*** | 3.3 to 6.7 | 3.4*** | 2.3 to 5.0 | 2.7*** | 1.8 to 4.0 | |
Total population (n=25 503) and stratified by gender (n=13 984 women and 11 519 men).
The 2008 Scania public health survey, with 8.3 years follow-up.
Model 0 adjusted for age (and gender in analysis of total population).
Model 1 furthermore adjusted for socioeconomic status, physical activity, smoking and alcohol.
Model 2 furthermore adjusted for chronic disease.
Weighted OR. Bootstrap method (2000 replicates) for variation estimation.
Bold values represent statistically significant OR.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
GHQ, General Health Questionnaire.