General characteristics of respondents and smoking rate
| Variables | Categories | Female | Male | ||||
| Sample size (%) | Smokers | Prevalence (%) | Sample size (%) | Smokers | Prevalence (%) | ||
| Age | 15–24 | 15 642 (20.7) | 200 | 1.3*** | 17 124 (20.6) | 6437 | 37.6*** |
| 25–44 | 53 649 (71.1) | 1032 | 1.9 | 54 303 (65.3) | 26 304 | 48.4 | |
| 45–60 | 6124 (8.1) | 236 | 3.9 | 11 712 (14.1) | 6579 | 56.2 | |
| Education | Junior school and below | 52 579 (69.7) | 1150 | 2.2*** | 54 968 (66.1) | 27 917 | 50.8*** |
| Senior school and above | 22 837 (30.3) | 318 | 1.4 | 28 172 (33.9) | 11 403 | 40.5 | |
| Income per | 0–2999 | 56 813 (75.3) | 986 | 1.7*** | 40 758 (49.1) | 18 614 | 45.7*** |
| month (Yuan) | 3000+ | 18 402 (24.7) | 478 | 2.6 | 42 176 (50.9) | 20 622 | 48.9 |
| Duration of | <5 | 50 026 (66.3) | 857 | 1.7*** | 55 469 (66.7) | 26 239 | 47.3 |
| stay (years) | 5–10 | 16 422 (21.8) | 339 | 2.1 | 16 714 (20.1) | 7856 | 47.0 |
| ≥10 | 8968 (11.9) | 271 | 3.0 | 10 957 (13.2) | 5225 | 47.7 | |
| SP | 1.32 (±1.43) | 1.22 (±1.41) | |||||
| Happiness | Low | 1484 (2.0) | 43 | 2.9* | 2146 (2.6) | 1113 | 51.9*** |
| Medium | 29 537 (39.2) | 581 | 2.0 | 34 625 (41.6) | 16 700 | 48.2 | |
| High | 44 299 (58.7) | 841 | 1.9 | 46 287 (55.7) | 21 491 | 46.4 | |
| Total | 75 416 (100.0) | 1467 | 1.9 | 83 140 (100.0) | 39 319 | 47.3 | |
SP was described as m±SD as a continuous variable.
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
SP, social participation.