Patient characteristics at baseline and for the sample with at least one follow-up measurement
| Total sample (n=149) | Sample with at least one follow-up (n=121) | Mean difference (95% CI) | |
| Age (y) | 52.68±9.35 (51.11 to 54.24) | 52.76±8.13 (51.35 to 54.17) | −0.08 (–2.26 to 2.09) |
| Female gender | 98 (65.77%) | 77 (63.64%) | NA |
| Height (cm) | 168.13±8.68 (166.77 to 169.49) | 168.64±8.16 (167.21 to 170.07) | −0.51 (–2.60 to 1.57) |
| Weight (kg) | 70.60±14.44 (68.27 to 72.93) | 70.58±13.94 (68.09 to 73.08) | 0.02 (–3.41 to 3.44) |
| BMI (kg/cm2) | 24.73±3.97 (24.11 to 25.35) | 24.54±3.94 (23.85 to 25.22) | 0.20 (–0.79 to 1.18) |
| Hand dominance (right) | 121 (82.88%) | 97 (82.20%) | NA |
| Affected side (right) | 70 (47.95%) | 52 (44.07%) | NA |
| Affected side (dominant) | 75 (52.08%) | 55 (47.41%) | NA |
| Cause (idiopathic FS) | 95 (63.7%) | 80 (66.12%) | NA |
| Diabetes mellitus (yes) | 20 (13.51%) | 15 (12.50%) | NA |
| Thyroid disorder (yes) | 13 (8.84%) | 12 (10.00%) | NA |
| Work | NA | ||
| No | 70 (47.62%) | 54 (45.38%) | |
| Part time | 28 (19.05%) | 22 (18.49%) | |
| Full time | 49 (33.33%) | 43 (36.13%) | |
| Sport (yes) | 61 (42.07%) | 48 (41.03%) | NA |
| Shoulder pain and disability (SPADI, 0–100) | 60.75±21.16 (57.46 to 64.05) | 60.20±25.10 (56.54 to 63.87) | 0.55 (–4.65 to 5.75) |
| Pain intensity during last 24 hours (VAS, 0–100) | 48.68±27.77 (44.17 to 53.19) | 46.81±27.85 (41.82 to 51.81) | 2.07 (–5.20 to 9.33) |
| Quality of life (SF-36, 0–100) | |||
| Physical functioning | 67.88±19.16 (65.41 to 70.35) | 68.44±18.98 (65.65 to 71.23) | −0.56 (–6.25 to 5.13) |
| Social | 64.08±22.57 (61.17 to 67.00) | 63.43±21.81 (60.22 to 66.63) | 0.65 (–5.96 to 7.27) |
| Physical problems | 22.63±32.22 (18.47 to 26.79) | 23.77±32.33 (19.01 to 28.52) | −1.13 (–10.77 to 8.50) |
| Emotional problems | 70.18±41.96 (64.76 to 75.59) | 72.02±41.32 (65.94 to 78.09) | −1.84 (–14.26 to 10.58) |
| Mental health | 64.97±17.16 (62.75 to 67.18) | 65.14±17.24 (62.60 to 67.67) | −0.17 (–5.30 to 4.97) |
| Vitality | 50.32±20.56 (47.66 to 52.97) | 50.99±20.45 (47.98 to 53.99) | −0.67 (–6.79 to 5.45) |
| Pain | 42.17±23.93 (39.09 to 45.26) | 41.43±23.16 (38.03 to 44.84) | 0.74 (–6.28 to 7.76) |
| General health | 58.54±22.04 (55.69 to 61.38) | 58.53±21.68 (55.34 to 61.72) | 0.01 (–6.52 to 6.53) |
| Autonomic symptoms (COMPASS 31, 0–100) | 17.40±12.46 (15.45 to 19.36) | 17.36±12.37 (15.18 to 19.54) | 0.05 (–3.02 to 3.12) |
| Shoulder active ROM | |||
| External rotation (0° abduction) | 12.29±15.79 (9.75 to 14.83) | 12.36±15.22 (9.63 to 15.08) | −0.07 (–3.82 to 3.68) |
| Flexion | 106.50±30.00 (101.68 to 111.32) | 105.99±28.56 (100.87 to 111.11) | 0.51 (–6.57 to 7.59) |
| Abduction | 77.80±30.21 (72.95 to 82.64) | 77.29±29.09 (72.10 to 82.49) | 0.50 (–6.70 to 7.70) |
| PPT shoulder | 3.97±2.72 (3.53 to 4.41) | 3.90±2.64 (3.43 to 4.38) | 0.06 (–0.58 to 0.71) |
| PPT quadriceps | 7.09±5.81 (6.15 to 8.03) | 7.00±5.16 (6.05 to 7.91) | 0.11 (–1.21 to 1.42) |
| Temporal summation | 1.50±1.94 (1.19 to 1.82) | 1.59±1.95 (1.24 to 1.94) | −0.08 (–0.55 to 0.39) |
| CPM | −0.14±0.33 (–0.20 to –0.09) | −0.15±0.30 (–0.21 to –0.10) | 0.002 (–0.07 to 0.08) |
| Treatment received | |||
| None | 7 (6.36%) | ||
| Invasive treatment (including CSI) | 11 (10.00%) | ||
| Physical therapy | 46 (41.82%) | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 3 (2.73%) | ||
| Physical therapy and pharmacotherapy | 3 (2.73%) | ||
| Invasive and physical therapy | 24 (21.82%) | ||
| Invasive and physical therapy and pharmacotherapy | 6 (5.45%) | ||
| Alternative treatment (eg, osteopathy) | 2 (1.82%) | ||
| Invasive and physical therapy and alternative treatment | 1 (0.91%) | ||
| Physical therapy and alternative treatment | 6 (5.45%) | ||
| Invasive and physical therapy and acute pain service | 1 (0.91%) | ||
Mean±SD (95% CI) or frequencies (percentage) are presented.
BMI, body mass index; COMPASS-31, Composite Autonomic Symptom Score 31; CPM, conditioned pain modulation; CSI, corticosteroid injection; FS, frozen shoulder; NA, not available; PPT, pressure pain threshold; ROM, range of motion; SF-36, 36-item Short Form Health Survey; SPADI, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.