Characteristics of included records
| Study | Method(s) | Analytical approach | HCPs (n) | Practice setting(s) | HCP experience | Encounters observed | Location | Number of findings (online supplemental appendix E) |
| Aita V et al.34 (2005) | Chart audits, interviews, narrative descriptions, note taking, participatory observations | Coding, group analysis, themes | Physicians (44) | 18 Family practice clinics | Unspecified | 1500 | USA | 25 |
| Chhabra KR et al.49 (2013) | Observations of audio-recorded consultations | Theme-oriented discourse analysis | Oncologists (15) | 2 Cancer centres | Unspecified | 20 | USA | 27 |
| Davis K et al.35 (2017) | Semi-structured interviews | Coding, themes | Physicians (33) | Multiple clinics in 2 HMO territories | Mean 13–20 years | N/A | USA | 20 |
| Elwyn G et al.54 (2000) | Focus groups | Codes, themes | GPs (6) | 6 Service settings | Mean 12 years | N/A | UK | 40 |
| Feiring E et al.36 (2020) | Document analysis, in-depth interviews | Thematic analysis | Various (8) | 4 Specialist institutions | Unspecified | N/A | Norway | 16 |
| Ford S et al.*32 (2002) | Semi-structured interviews | Constant comparative analysis | Various (37) | Hospitals and clinics | Unspecified | N/A | UK | 17 |
| Ford S et al.*31 (2003) | Semi-structured interviews | Constant comparative analysis | Various (37) | Hospitals and clinics | Unspecified | N/A | UK | 54 |
| Ford S et al.50 (2006) | Observation of video-taped consultations | Thematic coding | GPs (13) | 12 GP surgeries | Unspecified | 149 | UK | 16 |
| Friedberg MW et al.37 (2013) | Semi-structured interviews | Codes, themes | Various (23) | 8 Primary care | Unspecified | N/A | USA | 23 |
| Golden SE et al.38 (2017) | Interviews | Directed content analysis | Various (20) | 7 Medical centres | Mean 12 years | N/A | USA | 30 |
| Gruß I et al.39 (2019) | Observations, semi-structured interviews | Codes, template analysis | Physicians (8) | 1 Cancer clinic | Unspecified | 8 | USA | 24 |
| Hall J et al.59 (2011) | Narrative review | Narrative review | Various (unspecified) | N/A | N/A | N/A | USA | 18 |
| Hart PL et al.58 (2014) | Mail survey | Thematic analysis | Nurses (374) | Hospital (43%) Non-hospital (57%) | Mean 22.4 years | N/A | USA | 10 |
| Hisham R et al.40 (2016) | Focus groups, in-depth interviews | Thematic analysis | Physicians (18) | 2 Rural clinics | Mean 6.2 years | N/A | Malaysia | 7 |
| Jefford M et al.60 (2002) | Review | Review | Doctors (unspecified) | Unspecified | Unspecified | N/A | Australia | 27 |
| Kennedy BM et al.55 (2017) | Focus groups, survey | Thematic categorisation | Various (7) | 1 Rural clinic | Median 12 years | N/A | USA | 18 |
| Landmark AM et al.51 (2016) | Observations of video-recorded encounters | Conversation analysis | Physicians (17) | 1 University hospital | Unspecified | 17 | Norway | 34 |
| Lown B et al.11 (2009) | Research work groups | Constant comparative analysis and grounded theory | PCPs (41) | Hospital-based practices | ‘At least >3 years postresidency’ | N/A | USA | 49 |
| McLeod H33 (2017) | Observations of video-recorded encounters, VRE | Grounded theory | PCPs (17) | 1 Hospital-based clinic | Unspecified | 15 | USA | 89 |
| Murdoch J et al.52 (2020) | Observations of video-recorded consultations | Conversation analysis | GPs (5) | 3 General practices | Range <10 to >20 years | 22 | UK | 37 |
| Paiva D et al.56 (2019) | Focus groups | Grounded theory | Various (12) | 1 Institution | Range 1 to >10 years | N/A | Portugal | 36 |
| Pieterse AH et al.53 (2011) | Observations of video-recorded consultations | Coded and categorised observations | Radiation oncologists (10) | 1 Hospital | Median 7 years | 25 | The Netherlands | 35 |
| Salter C et al.41 (2019) | Focus group, interview, observations of video-recorded consultations | Thematic analysis | GPs (5) | 3 General practices | Range <10 to >20 years | 40 | UK | 40 |
| Schulman-Green DJ et al.57 (2006) | Focus groups | Content analysis | Various (11) | Hospital-affiliated practices | Unspecified | N/A | USA | 14 |
| Shepherd HL et al.42 (2011) | Telephone interviews | Framework analysis | Physicians (22) | Unspecified | Mean 24 years | N/A | Australia | 19 |
| Shortus T et al.43 (2011) | In-depth interviews | Grounded theory, constant comparison | Various (29) | ‘…a range of clinical settings…’ | ‘…a range of clinical experience…’ | N/A | Australia | 29 |
| Tracy CS et al.44 (2003) | Semi-structured interviews | Constant comparative method | FPs (15) | 15 Practices | Range 2–32 years | N/A | Canada | 18 |
| Van Humbeeck L et al.45 (2020) | Delphi, cognitive interviewing, survey | Thematic analysis | Various (174) | 2 Hospitals | Range <1 to >21 years | N/A | Belgium | 26 |
| Vermunt N et al.46 (2019) | Semi-structured interviews | Framework analysis | Physicians (33) | Hospitals and community clinics | Range 3–34 years | N/A | The Netherlands | 29 |
| Visser LNC et al.47 (2018) | Semi-structured interviews | Content analysis | Oncologists (13) | Academic and general hospitals | Range 4–41 years | N/A | The Netherlands | 31 |
| Zulman DM et al.48 (2020) | Delphi, interviews, observations | Evidence review | Physicians (18) | Primary care clinics at 1 academic medical centre, 1 VA hospital, 1 federally qualified health centre | Unspecified | 27 | USA | 47 |
HCP experience early career <11 years, mid-career 11–20 years, late career ≥21 years.88
*Ford 2002 and Ford 2003 are two reports from the same study.
CV, cardiovascular; DAS-O, decision analysis system for oncology; GP, general practitioner; HCP, healthcare professional; HMO, health maintenance organisation; N/A, not applicable; PCP, primary care physician; VA, veteran's administration; VRE, video reflexive ethnography.