Predictors of anaemia
| Adjusted haemoglobin <110 g/L (anaemia) | Adjusted haemoglobin <100 g/L (moderate-to-severe anaemia) | Adjusted haemoglobin <70 g/L (severe anaemia) | |||||||
| OR | (2.5% to 97.5%) | P value | OR | (2.5% to 97.5%) | P value | OR | (2.5% to 97.5%) | P value | |
| Age in years | 0.68 | (0.65 to 0.71) | <0.001 | 0.71 | (0.69 to 0.74) | <0.001 | 0.73 | (0.67 to 0.80) | <0.001 |
| Female | 0.86 | (0.77 to 0.96) | <0.01 | 0.84 | (0.76 to 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.87 | (0.67 to 1.14) | 0.31 |
| HBB/malaria status | |||||||||
| HbAA/− (ref) | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
| HbAS/− | 1.19 | (1.00 to 1.41) | 0.04 | 1.32 | (1.13 to 1.55) | <0.001 | 0.70 | (0.28 to 1.76) | 0.45 |
| HbAC/− | 1.29 | (0.77 to 2.17) | 0.34 | 1.43 | (0.86 to 2.38) | 0.17 | * | * | * |
| HbSC/− | 12.05 | (1.77 to 81.82) | 0.01 | 2.43 | (0.58 to 10.14) | 0.22 | * | * | * |
| HbSS/− | 69.66 | (9.63 to 503.87) | <0.001 | 22.93 | (10.56 to 49.78) | <0.001 | 76.14 | (32.71 to 177.26) | <0.001 |
| HbAA/+ | 4.05 | (3.49 to 4.71) | <0.001 | 5.06 | (4.51 to 5.68) | <0.001 | 10.96 | (6.96 to 17.25) | <0.001 |
| HbAS/+ | 3.39 | (2.67 to 4.30) | <0.001 | 4.23 | (3.49 to 5.12) | <0.001 | 5.21 | (2.87 to 9.46) | <0.001 |
| HbAC/+ | 2.90 | (1.61 to 5.23) | <0.001 | 4.95 | (3.03 to 8.10) | <0.001 | 1.56 | (0.21 to 11.58) | 0.66 |
| HbSC/+ | † | † | † | 22.93 | (5.10 to 103.13) | <0.001 | 52.36 | (9.17 to 298.96) | <0.001 |
| HbSS/+ | † | † | † | 62.43 | (13.83 to 281.76) | <0.001 | 170.33 | (64.52 to 449.66) | <0.001 |
| Rural (urban ref) | 0.99 | (0.85 to 1.14) | 0.86 | 0.92 | (0.80 to 1.05) | 0.22 | 1.62 | (1.13 to 2.31) | 0.01 |
| Wealth | |||||||||
| Richer/richest (ref) | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
| Middle | 1.03 | (0.88 to 1.20) | 0.71 | 1.09 | (0.93 to 1.28) | 0.28 | 0.96 | (0.60 to 1.53) | 0.87 |
| Poorer | 1.33 | (1.09 to 1.63) | <0.01 | 1.34 | (1.11 to 1.62) | <0.01 | 1.27 | (0.82 to 1.97) | 0.29 |
| Poorest | 1.72 | (1.36 to 2.14) | <0.001 | 1.51 | (1.24 to 1.84) | <0.001 | 1.56 | (0.97 to 2.49) | 0.06 |
| Mother’s education | |||||||||
| None or primary (ref) | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
| Secondary or higher | 0.85 | (0.73 to 1.00) | <0.05 | 0.85 | (0.74 to 0.98) | 0.03 | 0.95 | (0.68 to 1.33) | 0.76 |
Multivariate logistic regression model for predicting mild-to-severe (left columns), moderate-to-severe (middle columns) and severe anaemia (right columns). The effect of risk factors expressed as ORs.
*ORs could not be estimated because no observed children in this category were severely anaemic.
†ORs could not be estimated because all observed children in this category were anaemic.
HbAA, normal HBB; HbAC, haemoglobin C trait; HbAS, sickle cell trait; HbSC, heterozygous for HbS and HbC; HbSS, sickle cell anemia.