Parameter estimates independent variables using GEE and GLMM approaches
| Approaches | |||||
| GEE | GLMM | ||||
| Variables | Levels | Est (SE) | 95% CI | Est (SE) | 95% CI |
| Region | Addis Adaba | 0.0214 (0.0381) | (−0.0533 to 0.0962) | 0.02214 (0.03973) | (−0.05574 to 0.10) |
| Afar | −0.0812 (0.0302) | (−0.1403 to −0.0221) | −0.0818 (0.0313) | (−0.1431 to −0.02045) | |
| Amhara | 0.0348 (0.0218) | (−0.0079 to 0.0776) | 0.0363 (0.02289) | (−0.00856 to 0.08116) | |
| Benishangul | −0.0221 (0.0248) | (−0.0707 to 0.0266) | −0.02131 (0.02593) | (−0.07214 to 0.02951) | |
| Dire Dawa | −0.1362 (0.0304) | (−0.1958 to −0.0766) | −0.137 (0.03157) | (−0.1989 to −0.07511) | |
| Gambela | 0.0462 (0.0269) | (−0.0065 to 0.0989) | 0.04717 (0.02808) | (−0.00787 to 0.1022) | |
| Harari | −0.0813 (0.0296) | (−0.1392 to −0.0233) | −0.08279 (0.03075) | (−0.1431 to −0.02252) | |
| Oromia | −0.0936 (0.0246) | (−0.1418 to −0.0455) | −0.0948 (0.02564) | (−0.1451 to −0.04454) | |
| SNNPR | −0.058 (0.0248) | (−0.1066 to −0.0094) | −0.05811 (0.02594) | (−0.109 to −0.00726) | |
| Somali | −0.2448 (0.0304) | (−0.3043 to −0.1853) | −0.2464 (0.03141) | (−0.3079 to −0.1848) | |
| Tigray | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Place of residence | Rural | −0.0157 (0.0175) | −0.05 (0.0186) | −0.0169 (0.01827) | (−0.05272 to 0.01891) |
| Urban | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Sex of household | Female | 0.0158 (0.0152) | (−0.0141 to 0.0456) | 0.01544 (0.01576) | (−0.01544 to 0.04633) |
| Male | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Wealth index | Middle | −0.1207 (0.0221) | (−0.1639 to −0.0775) | −0.1233 (0.02308) | (−0.1686 to −0.07808) |
| Poorer | −0.1227 (0.0219 | (−0.1657 to −0.0797) | −0.1259 (0.02294) | (−0.1709 to −0.08097) | |
| Poorest | −0.1317 (0.0223) | (−0.1754 to −0.088) | −0.1349 (0.02332) | (−0.1806 to −0.08921) | |
| Richer | −0.1258 (0.0213) | (−0.1676 to −0.0841) | −0.1276 (0.02229) | (−0.1713 to −0.08387) | |
| Richest | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Contraceptive use | No | −0.0553 (0.0119) | (−0.0786 to −0.0319) | −0.05576 (0.0124) | (−0.08007 to −0.03146) |
| Yes | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Age of mothers at 1st birth | <20 | 0.399 (0.2104) | (−0.0135 to 0.8114) | 0.3974 (0.2113) | (−0.0167 to 0.8115) |
| 20–34 | 0.308 (0.2105) | (−0.1046 to 0.7206) | 0.3058 (0.2114) | (−0.1085 to 0.7201) | |
| >34 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Mothers’ marital status | Divorced | 0.0893 (0.0311) | (0.0283 to 0.1503) | 0.08917 (0.03239) | (0.02567 to 0.1527) |
| Married | 0.0756 (0.027) | (0.0228 to 0.1285) | 0.07516 (0.0280) | (0.02027 to 0.1301) | |
| Widowed | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Household head education level | No education | −0.1226 (0.0241) | (−0.1698 to −0.0753) | −0.1221 (0.02502) | (−0.1711 to −0.07307) |
| Primary | −0.1018 (0.0246) | (−0.1499 to −0.0537) | −0.1014 (0.02546) | (−0.1513 to −0.05153) | |
| Secondary and above | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Muslim | 0.0088 (0.018) | (−0.0265 to 0.0442) | 0.008315 (0.01872) | (−0.02837 to 0.0450) | |
| Others | 0.0173 (0.0342) | (−0.0497 to 0.0843) | 0.01598 (0.03554) | (−0.05369 to 0.08566) | |
| Orthodox | 0.1232 (0.0184) | (0.0871 to 0.1592) | 0.1248 (0.01918) | (0.08718 to 0.1624) | |
| Protestant | |||||
| Household size | 1–4 | 0.0561 (0.0157) | (0.0252 to 0.087) | 0.05856 (0.01639) | (0.02643 to 0.09068) |
| 5–9 | 0.1439 (0.0194) | (0.1059 to 0.1819) | 0.1473 (0.02008) | (0.1079 to 0.1866) | |
| 10+ | |||||
| Water source | Improved | 0.0208 (0.0111) | (−0.001 to 0.0426) | 0.02044 (0.01157) | (−0.00224 to 0.04311) |
| Not improved | |||||
| Mothers’ current age | 20–34 | 0.2738 (0.0785) | (0.1199 to 0.4278) | 0.2723 (0.07904) | (0.1174 to 0.4273) |
| 35+ | 0.3723 (0.0787) | (0.2181 to 0.5266) | 0.3697 (0.07922) | (0.2145 to 0.5250) | |
| <21 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Working correlation (ρ) | 0.12 | – | |||
| Random effect (σ2) | – | 0.060 (0.002) | |||
GEE, generalised estimating equation; GLMM, generalised linear mixed model.