Overall age-adjusted mortality rates by type of coal use in Xuanwei, 1976–2011
| Disease outcome | Smoky coal users | Smokeless coal users | Standardised rate ratio (95% CI)* | ||
| Number of deaths (N) | Overall age-adjusted rate (per 100 000 person-years) | Number of deaths (N) | Overall age-adjusted rate (per 100 000 person-years) | Smoky versus smokeless | |
| Overall | 11 520 | 1543.7 | 2886 | 2060.4 | 0.7 (0.7 to 0.8) |
| Cancer | 4707 | 577.9 | 197 | 138.3 | 4.2 (3.5 to 4.9) |
| Lung cancer | 4144 | 506.8 | 49 | 28.7 | 17.6 (13.1 to 23.8) |
| Stomach cancer | 84 | 10.3 | 31 | 23.8 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.7) |
| Liver cancer | 134 | 15.7 | 52 | 35.5 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) |
| CVD | 1530 | 208.6 | 926 | 614.5 | 0.3 (0.3 to 0.4) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 161 | 23.1 | 77 | 54.4 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) |
| Stroke | 650 | 89.4 | 227 | 152.2 | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.7) |
| Respiratory cause | 2370 | 323.2 | 618 | 368.6 | 0.9 (0.8 to 1.0) |
| Pneumonia | 188 | 28.5 | 109 | 64.0 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1752 | 234.9 | 330 | 200.7 | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.3) |
| Gastrointestinal causes | 396 | 53.0 | 307 | 222.8 | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.3) |
| Genitourinary causes | 113 | 15.3 | 90 | 72.0 | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.3) |
*Mortality rates, age adjusted to the WHO 2000–2025 world standard population within seven age groups, and standardised rate ratios were only calculated for outcomes with >10 deaths for both smoky and smokeless coal users. In the Results section, some standardised rate ratios are described using smoky coal users as the reference group.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease.