Parameter estimates of household, maternal and child characteristics: EDHS of 2005, 2011, 2016 and 2019 (weighted)
| Characteristics | AOR | ||||
| 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2019 | ||
| Model IV AOR (95% CI) | Model IV AOR (95% CI) | Model IV AOR (95% CI) | Model IV AOR (95% CI) | ||
| Highest educational level | No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.2) | 1.1 (0.88 to 1.30) | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.14) | 1.02 (0.71 to 1.48) | |
| Secondary | 0.51 (0.24 to 1.08) | 0.79 (0.41 to 1.54) | 0.78 (0.51 to 1.20) | 0.71 (0.34 to 1.48) | |
| Higher | 0.39 (0.12 to 1.3) | 0.91 (0.37 to 2.25) | 0.42 (0.22 to 0.85)** | 2 (0.38 to 10.54) | |
| Toilet | Open defecation | 0.77 (0.16 to 3.68) | 1.11 (0.80 to 1.54) | 1.18 (0.86 to 1.62) | 0.75(0.35 to 1.61) |
| Unimproved | 0.63 (0.13 to 3.06) | 1.03 (0.65 to 1.25) | 0.98 (0.73 to 1.32) | 0.75(0.35 to 1.61) | |
| Improved | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Number of children aged less than 5 years | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.26) | 1.2 (1.02 to 1.41)* | 1.1 (0.96 to 1.26) | 1.40 (1.11 to 1.69)* | |
| Height of respondent | 0.994 (0.992 to 0.996)*** | 1 (1 to 1.01) | 0.994 (0.992 to 0.995)*** | – | |
| Duration of breast feeding | Ever breast fed, not currently | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Never breast fed | 1.66 (0.47 to 5.94) | 1.6 (0.43 to 5.77) | 1.45 (0.81 to 2.60) | 1.34 (0.57 to 3.16) | |
| Still breast feeding | 2.57 (1.86 to 3.56)*** | 2.29 (1.72 to 3.07)*** | 1.7 (1.34 to 2.16)*** | 0.98 (0.66 to 1.47) | |
| ANC follow-up | Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 1.21 (0.95 to 1.53) | 1.18 (0.99 to 1.40) | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.25) | 0.75 (0.46 to 1.22) | |
| Place of delivery | Home | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Health institution | 0.54 (0.24 to 1.23) | 0.73 (0.41 to 1.3) | 0.83 (0.61 to 1.14) | 1.17 (0.78 to 1.75) | |
| Others | 0.8 (0.25 to 2.54) | 2.13 (0.51 to 8.71) | 1.51 (0.78 to 2.91) | 0.20 (0.031 to 1.26) | |
| Diarrhoea | No | 1 | – | ||
| Yes | 1.40 (1.06 to 1.82)** | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.8)** | 1.27 (0.94 to 1.70) | – | |
| Bottle feeding (yes) | 1.33 (0.85, 2.09) | 0.92 (0.67 to 1.26) | 0.70 (0.53 to 0.92)* | 0.92 (0.66 to 1.28) | |
| Wealth index | Poorest | 1.73 (1.13 to 2.64)* | 2.3 (1.4 to 3. 5)** | 1.54 (1.03 to 2.32)* | 4.85 (1.44 to 16.36)* |
| Poorer | 1.79 (1.19 to 2.70)*** | 2.29 (1.48 to 3.60) *** | 1.35 (0.97 to 1.90) | 3.37 (1.10 to 10.37)* | |
| Middle | 1.48 (1.01 to 2.18)* | 2.24 (1.42 to 3.53) ** | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.47) | 3.16 (0.996 to 10.00) | |
| Richer | 1.68 (1.16 to 2.51)* | 1.9 (1.20 to 2.93)** | 1.17 (0.85 to 1.61) | 2.39 (0.84 to 6.80) | |
| Richest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Age of child in months | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.06)*** | 1.06 (1.05 to 1.07)*** | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.04)*** | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.09)*** | |
| Sex of child | Male | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 0.83 (0.67 to 1.04) | 0.77 (0.65 to 0.92)** | 0.84 (0.71 to 0.999)* | 0.67 (0.49 to 0.92)** | |
| Birth order | 0.97 (0.94 to 1.01) | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.96)*** | 0.97 (0.94 to 1.01) | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.998)** | |
| Dietary diversity | Yes | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | – | 1.63 (1.20 to 2.23)** | 1.53 (1.10 to 2.14)* | 0.72 (0.41 to 1.26) | |
| Region | Tigray | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Affar | 1.24 (0.75 to 2.06) | 0.84 (0.59 to 1.19) | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.42) | 0.70 (0.42 to 1.19) | |
| Amhara | 1.78 (1.15 to 2.77)* | 0.71 (0.52 to 0.96)* | 1.31 (0.98 to 1.75) | 0.73 (0.39 to 1.38) | |
| Oromiya | 1.07 (0.76 to 1.5) | 0.50 (0.36 to 0.70)*** | 0.98 (0.72 to 1.34) | 0.43 (0.23 to 0.79)** | |
| Somali | 1.28 (0.8 to 2.04) | 0.46 (0.30 to 0.72)** | 1.03 (0.73 to 1.45) | 0.29 (0.14 to 0.54)*** | |
| Benishangul-Gumuz | 0.99 (0.6 to 1.63) | 0.68 (0.48 to 0.97)* | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.51) | 0.6 (0.31 to 1.15) | |
| SNNP | 1.55 (0.98 to 2.45) | 0.51 (0.37 to 0. 70)*** | 1.06 (0.78 to 1.44) | 0.43 (0.24 to 0.78)** | |
| Gambela | 0.96 (0.51 to 1.81) | 0.25 (0.16 to 0.39)*** | 0.70 (0.47 to 1.04) | 0.27 (0.15 to 0.50)*** | |
| Harari | 1.55 (0.86 to 2.79) | 0.40 (0.26 to 0.62)*** | 1.08 (0.76 to 1.53) | 0.89 (0.44 to 1.80) | |
| Addis Ababa | 1.02 (0.47 to 2.24) | 0.44 (0.25 to 0.76)*** | 0.71 (0.42 to 1.19) | 0.35 (0.23 to 0.68)* | |
| Dire Dawa | 0.73 (0.42 to 1.25) | 0.56 (0.37 to 0.84)* | 1.44 (0. 90 to 2.33) | 0.61 (0.33 to 1.12) | |
AOR, adjusted OR; EDHS, Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey; SNNP, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People.