Characteristics of individuals with (A) chronic pain or (B) headache at baseline
| (A) Chronic pain | Overall | Physician consultation | No physician consultation | Pr > |t|* | |||
| (n=506) | (n=57) | (n=449) | |||||
| Characteristics | Missing n | Mean±SD or median (Q1, Q3) | Missing n | Mean±SD or median (Q1, Q3) | Missing n | Mean±SD or median (Q1, Q3) | |
| Age, years | – | 46.8±10.1 | – | 49.4±9.8 | – | 46.5±10.1 | 0.0433 |
| BMI†, kg/m2 | 42 | 21.8±3.4 | 11 | 22.5±3.8 | 31 | 21.7±3.4 | 0.1610 |
| Duration of pain, months | – | 116.6±122.9 | – | 116.9±146.3 | – | 116.5±119.8 | 0.9831 |
| Pain NRS | – | 4.9±2.0 | – | 5.1±2.0 | – | 4.9±2.0 | 0.4255 |
| EQ-5D-5L (Score) | – | 0.8±0.1 | – | 0.8±0.1 | – | 0.8±0.1 | 0.0008§ |
| EQ-5D-5L (VAS) | – | 66.9±18.5 | – | 64.8±20.6 | – | 67.2±18.2 | 0.3489 |
| WPAI (absenteeism), % | 10 | 1.5±8.4 | 3 | 0.7±2.8 | 7 | 1.6±8.8 | 0.4863 |
| WPAI (presenteeism), % | – | 19.1±19.5 | – | 14.6±18.0 | – | 19.7±19.6 | 0.0599 |
| WPAI (overall work impairment), % | 10 | 20.4±20.8 | 3 | 15.5±19.0 | 7 | 21.0±20.9 | 0.0690 |
| WPAI (activity impairment), % | – | 26.5±23.6 | – | 23.2±23.2 | – | 26.9±23.7 | 0.2544 |
| Indirect cost‡, JPY | – | 586 941.6 (0.0, 1 622 208.0) | – | 100 979.2 (0.0, 1 405 913.6) | – | 608 328.0 (0.0, 1 640 912.0) | 0.1507 |
| Medical cost‡, JPY | – | 15 545.0 (0.0, 42 810.0) | – | 24 370.0 (6 980.0, 54 390.0) | – | 14 890.0 (0.0, 40 020.0) | 0.0102 |
| (B) Headache | Overall | Physician consultation | No physician consultation | Pr > |t|* | |||
| (n=352) | (n=19) | (n=333) | |||||
| Characteristics | Missing n | Mean±SD or median (Q1, Q3) | Missing n | Mean±SD or median (Q1, Q3) | Missing n | Mean±SD or median (Q1, Q3) | |
| Age, years | – | 43.6±9.9 | – | 47.3±5.8 | – | 43.3±10.0 | 0.0878 |
| BMI†, kg/m2 | 27 | 21.4±3.2 | 1 | 22.2±2.4 | 26 | 21.3±3.3 | 0.2816 |
| Duration of pain, months | – | 169.7±136.3 | – | 234.2±172.7 | – | 166.0±133.3 | 0.0339 |
| MIDAS | – | 10.0±12.8 | – | 10.8±8.4 | – | 10.0±13.0 | 0.7903 |
| EQ-5D-5L (Score) | – | 0.9±0.1 | – | 0.8±0.1 | – | 0.9±0.1 | 0.2600 |
| EQ-5D-5L (VAS) | – | 68.9±18.0 | – | 65.8±16.6 | – | 69.0±18.1 | 0.4500 |
| WPAI (absenteeism), % | 8 | 1.5±5.7 | – | 4.1±8.0 | 8 | 1.4±5.5 | 0.0436 |
| WPAI (presenteeism), % | – | 23.0±21.6 | – | 24.7±22.9 | – | 22.9±21.5 | 0.7203 |
| WPAI (overall work impairment), % | 8 | 24.0±22.1 | – | 27.4±24.3 | 8 | 23.8±21.9 | 0.4856 |
| WPAI (activity impairment), % | – | 27.9±23.9 | – | 29.5±25.9 | – | 27.8±23.8 | 0.7678 |
| Indirect cost‡, JPY | – | 1 060 281.6 (0.0, 1 946 649.6) | – | 1 186 505.6 (473 144.0, 2 524 480.0) | – | 1 060 281.6 (0.0, 1 893 360.0) | 0.2495 |
| Medical cost‡, JPY | – | 18 470.0 (5 455.0, 43 340.0) | – | 42 660.0 (19 710.0, 71 160.0) | – | 17 150.0 (5 390.0, 41 310.0) | 0.0960 |
*The t-text was used for two groups of physician consultation and no physician consultation.
†BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres.
‡Indirect and medical costs represented costs incurred during 4 months from August 2019 through November 2019.
§The mean EQ-5D-5L (Score) and (SD) with three decimal point was 0.765 (0.140) and 0.818 (0.106).
BMI, body mass index; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQoL-5 Dimension 5-level; JPY, Japanese yen; MIDAS, migraine disability assessment test; NRS, numeric rating scale; Q1, first quartile; Q3, third quartile; SD, standard deviation; VAS, visual analogue scale; WPAI, work productivity and activity impairment questionnaire.