Table 4

Standardised direct, indirect and total effects for the relationship between neighbourhood factors, glycaemic control and perceived stress

Direct effectsIndirect effectsTotal effects
Glycaemic control
 Perceived stress0.06**–0.64**
 Violence–0.05*0.05*
 Aesthetics–0.050.05
 Healthy food–−0.002−0.03
 Social cohesion–0.040.04
Perceived stress
 Violence0.79**–0.79**
 Aesthetics0.74*–0.74*
 Healthy food−0.04–−0.04
 Social cohesion0.57*–0.57*

  • Significant direct effects indicate direct association between variables. For example, higher levels of perceived stress are associated with higher glycaemic control. Significant indirect effects indicate pathways through which variables influence outcomes. For example, increased levels of violence is associated with glycaemic control through perceived stress.

  • *p<0.05.

  • **p<0.01.

  • ***p<0.001.