Comparison of maternal life circumstances, according to familial patterns of HIV infection
| Overall (N=1015) | Third generation (n=27) | Second generation (n=264) | No HIV exposure (n=724) | P value | |
| HIV-associated variables | |||||
| Full ART adherence past 7 days | 213 (75.8%) | 19 (79.2%) | 194 (75.5%) | – | 0.69 |
| Any clinic appointments missed past month | 10 (4.1%) | 1 (4.6%) | 9 (4.1%) | – | 0.92 |
| Any stigma | 56 (20.3%) | 5 (20.8%) | 51 (20.2%) | – | 0.95 |
| Physical and mental health | |||||
| Excellent physical health past 12 months | 598 (58.6%) | 9 (33.3%) | 88 (33.3%) | 499 (68.9%) | <0.001 |
| Depression Score past 2 weeks (0–20) | 0.7 (1.4) | 0.3 (.7) | 1.0 (1.7)* | 0.6 (1.3) | 0.002 |
| Anxiety Score past month (0–14) | 0.8 (1.9) | 0.7 (1.6) | 0.6 (1.9) | 0.8 (1.9) | 0.41 |
| PTSD Score past month (0–36) | 3.0 (5.6) | 2.0 (4.9) | 3.6 (5.6) | 2.9 (4.9) | 0.09 |
| Suicidality Score past month (0–5) | 0.2 (.8) | 0.1 (.3) | 0.3 (1.1)* | 0.1 (.7) | 0.017 |
| Social and environmental factors | |||||
| Parenting Stress Score (18–90) | 24.8 (5.8) | 24.7 (4.8) | 24.9 (5.6) | 24.8 (5.8) | 0.97 |
| Social Support Score (0–14) | 13.4 (2.04) | 12.7 (2.5) | 13.2 (2.3) | 13.5 (1.9) | 0.019 |
| Extent of Intimate Partner Violence Exposure (0–4) | 0.1 (.6) | 0.1 (.4) | 0.2 (.7) | 0.1 (.5) | 0.39 |
| Extent of Community Violence Exposure (0–4) | 0.3 (.8) | 0.2 (.6) | 0.3 (.8) | 0.3 (.8) | 0.79 |
Group comparisons were conducted using χ2 tests for categorical variables and univariate analysis of variance for continuous variables. Tukey‘s range post hoc tests were undertaken to identify mean differences between groups for continuous variable.
Ns vary depending on missing values (N=950–1015; N=828 for Intimate Partner Violence—low response rates may be due to the sensitive topic).
*Statistically different from HIV unexposed group (p<0.05).
†Statistically different from the second generation (p<0.05).
ART, antiretroviral therapy.