(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
Outcome variables (unit: ounces/week) | Beer | Red wine | Chinese spirits | Total | Beer | Red wine | Chinese spirits | Total |
Estimator | (A) Standard random-effects Tobit | (B) Chamberlain-Mundlak Correlated random-effects Tobit | ||||||
Number of chronic diseases diagnosed | −1.273*** | −0.639*** | −0.765*** | −0.754*** | −1.488** | −0.927*** | −0.886*** | −0.946*** |
(0.465) | (0.243) | (0.134) | (0.134) | (0.694) | (0.357) | (0.174) | (0.177) | |
Male (=1 if yes) | 17.409*** | 2.969*** | 8.668*** | 8.701*** | 15.784*** | 2.592*** | 8.133*** | 8.094*** |
(1.049) | (0.530) | (0.313) | (0.309) | (1.106) | (0.566) | (0.341) | (0.338) | |
Self-reported health status | 1.237** | 0.359 | 0.713*** | 0.779*** | 0.496 | −0.242 | 0.471*** | 0.501*** |
(0.523) | (0.267) | (0.134) | (0.137) | (0.584) | (0.296) | (0.144) | (0.147) | |
Smoking (=1 if yes) | 4.216*** | 0.173 | 2.903*** | 2.984*** | 4.440*** | 0.113 | 2.342*** | 2.524*** |
(0.629) | (0.354) | (0.174) | (0.180) | (0.867) | (0.492) | (0.213) | (0.222) | |
Other drinkers in the household (=1 if yes) | 1.531*** | 0.931*** | 1.011*** | 1.186*** | 1.895*** | 0.991*** | 0.787*** | 0.992*** |
(0.586) | (0.301) | (0.156) | (0.159) | (0.731) | (0.374) | (0.179) | (0.183) | |
Age (years) | 0.318 | 0.415* | 0.254** | 0.242** | 0.979* | 0.553** | 0.299** | 0.365*** |
(0.484) | (0.224) | (0.118) | (0.119) | (0.591) | (0.274) | (0.139) | (0.141) | |
Age2/100 | −0.555 | −0.317* | −0.243*** | −0.238*** | −0.940** | −0.421** | −0.298*** | −0.339*** |
(0.359) | (0.163) | (0.086) | (0.087) | (0.442) | (0.199) | (0.101) | (0.102) | |
Years of education (years) | 0.122 | 0.128*** | −0.024 | 0.013 | 0.096 | 0.099** | −0.016 | 0.014 |
(0.083) | (0.043) | (0.025) | (0.025) | (0.086) | (0.044) | (0.025) | (0.026) | |
Annual income (yuan) in log | 0.458* | 0.307** | 0.018 | 0.045 | 0.377 | 0.262 | 0.009 | 0.023 |
(0.264) | (0.141) | (0.068) | (0.069) | (0.311) | (0.165) | (0.075) | (0.077) | |
Has spouse (=1 if yes) | −1.104 | −0.334 | −0.426* | −0.250 | −2.320* | −0.585 | 0.075 | 0.063 |
(0.863) | (0.427) | (0.234) | (0.237) | (1.351) | (0.630) | (0.328) | (0.333) | |
Insurance coverage (=1 if yes) | 3.174*** | 1.245*** | −0.651*** | −0.449** | 2.732*** | 0.509 | −0.471** | −0.436* |
(0.766) | (0.419) | (0.195) | (0.200) | (0.944) | (0.524) | (0.228) | (0.234) | |
Working (=1 if yes) | 2.029*** | 0.146 | 0.459*** | 0.627*** | −0.466 | −0.337 | 0.133 | 0.150 |
(0.651) | (0.357) | (0.170) | (0.175) | (0.765) | (0.420) | (0.189) | (0.195) | |
Rural (=1 if yes) | −2.053*** | −2.696*** | 0.740*** | 0.111 | −3.103*** | −2.784*** | 0.493** | −0.186 |
(0.738) | (0.389) | (0.234) | (0.234) | (0.771) | (0.409) | (0.246) | (0.246) | |
Minority (=1 if yes) | −1.704 | 0.476 | 0.876** | 0.781** | −1.897 | 0.460 | 0.681* | 0.593 |
(1.326) | (0.728) | (0.374) | (0.385) | (1.316) | (0.727) | (0.374) | (0.384) | |
Height (cm) | 0.091* | 0.027 | 0.006 | 0.017 | 0.104** | 0.023 | 0.012 | 0.022 |
(0.052) | (0.028) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.052) | (0.028) | (0.015) | (0.015) | |
Within-individual means () | ||||||||
Number of chronic diseases diagnosed | 0.930 | 0.793 | 0.605** | 0.795*** | ||||
(0.969) | (0.487) | (0.278) | (0.278) | |||||
Self-reported health status | 3.582*** | 2.913*** | 1.831*** | 2.002*** | ||||
(1.298) | (0.684) | (0.393) | (0.395) | |||||
Smoking | −0.540 | 0.178 | 1.535*** | 1.257*** | ||||
(1.271) | (0.715) | (0.367) | (0.378) | |||||
Other drinkers in the household | −1.343 | −0.253 | 0.767** | 0.590 | ||||
(1.238) | (0.643) | (0.367) | (0.370) | |||||
Age | −0.902 | −0.178 | −0.089 | −0.230 | ||||
(0.842) | (0.397) | (0.228) | (0.228) | |||||
Age2/100 | 0.684 | 0.158 | 0.113 | 0.216 | ||||
(0.645) | (0.297) | (0.171) | (0.171) | |||||
Annual income (yuan) in log | 0.411 | 0.007 | 0.031 | 0.085 | ||||
(0.593) | (0.310) | (0.171) | (0.173) | |||||
Has spouse | 1.997 | 0.417 | −0.930* | −0.596 | ||||
(1.813) | (0.881) | (0.478) | (0.483) | |||||
Has insurance coverage | 1.160 | 1.844** | −0.579 | 0.045 | ||||
(1.556) | (0.849) | (0.437) | (0.444) | |||||
Working | 8.756*** | 1.790** | 1.625*** | 2.434*** | ||||
(1.471) | (0.815) | (0.444) | (0.450) | |||||
Province fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Survey-wave fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Number of individual-wave observations | 18 707 | 18 705 | 18 707 | 18 707 | 18 707 | 18 705 | 18 707 | 18 707 |
Log pseudolikelihood | −13160.66 | −4693.10 | −24091.19 | −27933.96 | −13133.40 | −4677.08 | −24054.45 | −27890.94 |
Marginal effects for the non-censored population are reported.
SEs, adjusted for intra-individual clustering, are reported in parentheses.
*p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.