Cognitive function of participants by living arrangement (n=2486)
| Institutions | Live alone | Live with household members | ||||||||||
| 2014 | 2018 | Difference | P value | 2014 | 2018 | Difference | P value | 2014 | 2018 | Difference | P value | |
| Orientation (SD) | 9.04 (1.83) | 8.31 (2.57) | −0.73 | 0.010 | 9.61 (1.08) | 9.07 (1.96) | −0.54 | <0.001 | 9.47 (1.46) | 8.89 (2.17) | −0.57 | <0.001 |
| Registration (SD) | 2.62 (0.87) | 2.25 (1.19) | −0.36 | 0.006 | 2.73 (0.71) | 2.61 (0.91) | −0.12 | 0.009 | 2.77 (0.70) | 2.46 (1.06) | −0.31 | <0.001 |
| Attention and calculation (SD) | 3.91 (1.68) | 3.25 (2.15) | −0.66 | 0.004 | 4.17 (1.56) | 3.67 (1.91) | −0.50 | <0.001 | 4.23 (1.50) | 3.57 (1.97) | −0.66 | <0.001 |
| Recall (SD) | 2.20 (1.10) | 1.83 (1.32) | −0.37 | 0.010 | 2.43 (0.99) | 2.20 (1.18) | −0.24 | <0.001 | 2.38 (1.03) | 2.04 (1.24) | −0.34 | <0.001 |
| Language and praxis (SD) | 5.78 (1.69) | 4.96 (2.50) | −0.82 | 0.003 | 6.05 (1.25) | 5.68 (1.74) | −0.37 | <0.001 | 6.07 (1.30) | 5.45 (2.03) | −0.62 | <0.001 |
| Total (SD) | 23.56 (5.82) | 20.62 (8.54) | −2.95 | 0.001 | 24.99 (4.05) | 23.22 (6.40) | −1.77 | <0.001 | 24.92 (4.66) | 22.42 (7.27) | −2.50 | <0.001 |
| <16 (‘cognitive impairment’, %) | 8 (8.6) | 22 (23.7) | 19 (4.1) | 57 (12.3) | 104 (5.4) | 321 (16.6) | ||||||
SD, standard deviation.