Prevalence of DM and effect on outcomes in people with TB
| Region | Outcome (quality*) | Effect size(95% CI) | Range | Number of studies (number of participants) | I2 | Year |
| LMICs | Mortality (low) (S16) | OR: 1.80 (1.35 to 2.40) | 0.45–29.22 | 34 (NR) | 91.1% | 2019 |
| Treatment failure or death (low) (S16) | OR: 1.90 (1.43 to 2.53) | 0.73–11.75 | 22 (NR) | 87.3% | 2019 | |
| World (low-income countries) | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 7.9% (4.9% to 11.5%) | NR | 15 (9434) | 96.8% | 2019 |
| World (lower-middle income countries) | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 17.7% (15.1% to 20.5%) | NR | 48 (48 036) | 98.3% | 2019 |
| World (upper-middle income countries) | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 14.4% (12.8% to 16.0%) | NR | 75 (1 994 027) | 99.9% | 2019 |
| Africa | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 8.0% (5.9% to 10.4%) | 1.9%–32.4% | 119 (474 944) | 99.8% | 2019 |
| Southeast Asia | Prevalence (critically low) (S 17) | 19.0% (16.2% to 21.9%) | 5.1%–54.1% | 30 (30 382) | 97.0% | 2019 |
| South Asia | Prevalence (low) (S4) | 21% (18% to 23%) | 4%–66% | 65 (NR) | 98.28% | 2021 |
| SSA | Prevalence (low) (S14) | 9% (6% to 12%) | 2%–38% | 16 (13 286) | 97.48% | 2019 |
| Bangladesh | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 10.6% (7.2% to 14.5%) | 8.3%–12.8% | 3 (3010) | 85.9% | 2019 |
| Benin | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 1.9% (0.2% to 4.7%) | NA | 1 (159) | NA | 2019 |
| Brazil | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 7.2% (6.3% to 8.1%) | 3.3%–33.1% | 12 (1 726 436) | 99.7% | 2019 |
| China | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 14.5% (10.5% to 19.0%) | 2.7%–30.1% | 14 (19 529) | 98.4% | 2019 |
| Egypt | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 22.8% (15.2% to 31.4%) | 15.8%–27.7% | 3 (578) | 81.4% | 2019 |
| Ethiopia | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 18.8% (1.9% to 47.1%) | 8.3%–32.4% | 2 (1749) | 99.2% | 2019 |
| Fiji | Prevalence (critically low)(S17) | 10.1% (4.4% to 17.7%) | 5.2–13.7 | 3 (1139) | 91.8% | 2019 |
| Georgia | Prevalence (critically low)(S17) | 12.4% (7.4% to 18.5%) | NA | 1 (137) | NA | 2019 |
| Guinea-Bissau | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 2.7% (0.3% to 6.8%) | NA | 1 (110) | NA | 2019 |
| Guyana | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 14.0% (7.8% to 21.6%) | NA | 1 (100) | NA | 2019 |
| India | Prevalence (low) (S4) | 22.0% (19.0% to 25.0%) | NR | 47 (NR) | 97.92% | 2021 |
| Mortality (low) (S4) | OR: 1.74 (1.21 to 2.51) | NR | 5 (NR) | 19.43% | 2021 | |
| Treatment failure (low) (S4) | OR: 1.65 (1.12 to 2.44) | NR | 5 (NR) | 49.63% | 2021 | |
| Recurrence (low) (S4) | OR: 0.53 (0.32 to 0.87) | NA | 1 (NR) | NA | 2021 | |
| Cured (low) (S4) | OR: 0.32 (0.10 to 1.05) | NA | 1 (NR) | NA | 2021 | |
| Indonesia | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 14.8% (12.2% to 17.7%) | NA | 1 (634) | NA | 2019 |
| Iran | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 17.8% (12.5% to 23.8%) | 5.5%–40.0% | 11 (3134) | 93.3% | 2019 |
| Kazakhstan | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 7.1% (5.1% to 9.4%) | NA | 1 (562) | NA | 2019 |
| Kiribati | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 36.7% (31.1% to 42.5%) | NA | 1 (275) | NA | 2019 |
| Libya | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 6.1% (3.5% to 9.4%) | NA | 1 (262) | NA | 2019 |
| Malaysia | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 26.9% (17.8% to 37.0%) | 15.4%–39.0% | 5 (23 438) | 98.1% | 2019 |
| Marshall Islands | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 45.2% (32.9% to 57.7%) | NA | 1 (62) | NA | 2019 |
| Mexico | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 30.8% (26.4% to 35.3%) | 19.3%–54.4% | 10 (192 420) | 97.9% | 2019 |
| Nepal | Prevalence (low) (S4) | 12.0% (4.0% to 20.0%) | NR | 4 (NR) | 97.6% | 2021 |
| Nigeria | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 7.8% (4.4% to 12.0%) | 4.8%–12.0% | 4 (9821) | 97.8% | 2019 |
| Pakistan | Prevalence (low) (S4) | 19.0% (11.0% to 27.0%) | NR | 10 (NR) | 99.18% | 2021 |
| Peru | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 4.8% (1.7% to 9.5% | 2.5%–11.1% | 4 (3983) | 96.8% | 2019 |
| Romania | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 18.4% (13.6% to 23.7%) | NA | 1 (228) | NA | 2019 |
| Senegal | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 4.9% (2.2% to 8.5%) | 3.8%–7.0% | 2 (2848) | 75.1% | 2019 |
| South Africa | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 9.4% (7.6% to 11.3%) | NA | 1 (947) | NA | 2019 |
| Sri Lanka | Prevalence (low) (S4) | 24.0% (21.0% to 27.0%) | NR | 2 (NR) | NR | 2021 |
| Tanzania | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 8.5% (4.8% to 13.0%) | 2.6%–16.7% | 7 (4178) | 95.1% | 2019 |
| Thailand | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 7.5% (6.2% to 8.8%) | 6.0%–16.3% | 5 (17 862) | 81.6% | 2019 |
| Tunisia | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 7.6% (5.9% to 9.6%) | NA | 1 (788) | NA | 2019 |
| Turkey | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 7.8% (6.8% to 8.8%) | 7.9%–8.6% | 3 (2773) | 0% | 2019 |
| Uganda | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 7.3% (4.7% to 10.3%) | 5.4%–8.5% | 2 (390) | 9.9% | 2019 |
| Yemen | Prevalence (critically low) (S17) | 9.5% (6.0% to 13.8%) | NA | 1 (220) | NA | 2019 |
| Multidrug-resistant TB + DM | ||||||
| LMICs | Unsuccessful treatment (low) (S12) | RR: 0.90 (0.65 to 1.23) | 0.23–0.98 | 3 (687) | 19% | 2018 |
| Pulmonary TB + DM | ||||||
| China | Prevalence (critically low) (S15) | 7.20% (6.01% to 8.39%) | 2.08%–16.16% | 22 (56 805) | NR | 2013 |
| Retreatment (critically low) (S18) | OR: 2.05 (1.30 to 3.22) | NR | 3 (499) | 0% | 2016 | |
| Retreatment (critically low) (S18) | aOR: 3.38 (1.56 to 7.29) | NR | 2 (NR) | 75% | 2016 | |
*Quality rating represents the overall confidence in the results of the review, as assessed with the AMSTAR2 tool.
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; LMICs, low-income and middle-income countries; NR, not reported; SSA, Sub-Saharan Africa; TB, tuberculosis.