Behavioural characteristics of study participants attending ANC follow-up at health centres of Goba town, Southeast Ethiopia 2021 (n=432)
| Variable | Non-GDM (n=364) | GDM (n=68) | P value |
| History of alcohol intake during this pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 65 (17.9) | 12 (17.6) | 0.967 |
| No | 299 (82.1) | 56 (82.4) | |
| Type of alcohol | |||
| Local | 49 (75.4) | 8 (66.7) | 0.527 |
| Beer | 16 (24.6) | 4 (33.3) | |
| History of coffee intake in this pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 326 (89.6) | 63 (92.4) | 0.435 |
| No | 38 (10.4) | 5 (7.6) | |
| Number of cups of coffee per day | |||
| One | 83 (25.5) | 10 (15.9) | 0.002 |
| Two | 110 (33.7) | 16 (25.4) | |
| Three | 79 (24.2) | 16 (25.4 | |
| Four and above | 54 (16.7) | 21 (33.3) | |
| Physical activity status during pregnancy | |||
| Low | 156 (49.7) | 42 (61.8) | 0.013 |
| Moderate | 144 (39.6) | 20 (29.4) | |
| High | 64 (17.6) | 6 (8.8) | |
| Antenatal depression status | |||
| Probable | 24 (6.6) | 20 (29.4) | 0 |
| Possible | 43 (11.8) | 13 (19.1) | |
| None | 297 (81.6) | 35 (51.5) | |
| Dietary diversity score | |||
| <5 (inadequate) | 18 (4.9) | 9 (13.2) | 0.01 |
| ≥5 (adequate) | 346 (95.1) | 59 (86.8) | |
ANC, antenatal care; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.