Maternal characteristics | |
Sociodemographic characteristics | n (%) |
Age (years) (N=4862) | |
Mean age±SD | 24.25±4.06 |
18–25 | 3211 (66.0) |
26–35 | 1598 (32.9) |
36–45 | 53 (1.1) |
Religion (N=4862) | |
Hindu | 2454 (50.5) |
Muslim | 2142 (44.1) |
Others | 266 (5.5) |
Consanguineous marriage (N=4788) | 1157 (24.2) |
Participant’s education (N=4788) | |
Illiterate | 169 (3.5) |
Primary school | 284 (5.9) |
Middle school | 609 (12.7) |
High school | 2091 (43.7) |
PUC or diploma | 1072 (22.4) |
Graduate and above | 563 (11.8) |
Husband’s education (N=4788) | |
Illiterate | 426 (8.9) |
Primary school | 461 (9.6) |
Middle school | 724 (15.1) |
High school | 1956 (40.9) |
PUC or diploma | 793 (16.6) |
Graduate and above | 422 (8.8) |
Do not know | 6 (0.1) |
Participant’s occupation (N=4788) | |
Homemaker | 4446 (92.9) |
Unskilled worker | 168 (3.5) |
Semiskilled worker | 76 (1.6) |
Skilled worker | 85 (1.8) |
Professional | 13 (0.3) |
Husband’s occupation (N=4788) | |
Unemployed | 17 (0.4) |
Unskilled worker | 2237 (46.7) |
Semiskilled worker | 1535 (32.1) |
Skilled worker | 860 (18.0) |
Professional | 139 (2.9) |
Socioeconomic status (N=4788) | |
Lower class | 2614 (54.6) |
Middle class | 2145 (44.8) |
Upper class | 29 (0.6) |
Chronic conditions with 95% CI of prevalence estimates | |
Hypertension (N=3719) | |
Normal | 3429 (92.2) (95% CI: 0.91 to 0.93) |
Pre hypertension | 265 (7.1) (95% CI: 0.69 to 0.72) |
Stage 1 hypertension | 15 (0.4) (95% CI: 0.0020 to 0.0060) |
GDM during current pregnancy (N=2962) | 424 (14.3) (95% CI: 0.13 to 0.16) |
Anaemia (N=3097) | 1377 (44.5) (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.46) |
Obstetrical characteristics (N=4778) | |
Gravida | |
Primigravida | 1920 (40.2) |
Multigravida | 2858 (59.8) |
Parity | |
Nulliparous | 2178 (45.6) |
Multiparous | 2600 (54.4) |
Mean Gestational age at delivery (week) (N=3324) | 38.70±3.02 |
Depressive symptoms and social support | |
EPDS score at pregnancy (>13 cut-off) (N=4635) | 289 (6.2) |
Social support score above 24 (N=4643) | 1520 (32.7) |
EPDS score at delivery (>13 cut-off) (N=2801) | 471 (16.8) |
Health status of mothers at delivery (N=3324) | |
Healthy | 3054 (92.0) |
Morbidity/hospitalisation* Death | 259 (7.8) |
7 (0.2) | |
Child characteristics n (%) | |
Health status at birth (N=3310) | |
Healthy | 3188 (96.3) |
Morbidity/hospitalisation† | 49 (1.5) |
Death | 73 (2.2) |
Preterm deliveries (N=4862) | 430 (8.8) |
Birth weight (N=4862) | |
Underweight <2500 g | 384 (7.9) |
Normal 2500 g to 3500 g | 1625 (33.4) |
Overweight >3500 g | 2853 (58.7) |
Birth weight according to Gestational Age (N=4862) | |
Small for Gestational Age (SGA) | 159 (3.3) |
Mean±SD wt for SGA (kg) | 2.13±0.26 |
Large for gestational age (LGA) | 523 (10.8) |
Mean±SD wt for LGA (kg) | 4.10±0.72 |
Delivery type (N=3324) | |
Vaginal delivery | 1868 (56.2) |
Caesarean section | 1456 (43.8) |
Sex (N=3309) | |
Male | 1717 (51.9) |
Female | 1592 (48.1) |
Baby cried soon after delivery (N=3310) | 3030 (91.5) |
Colostrum fed to the baby (N=2915) | 2562 (87.9) |
Breast milk fed as first food to the baby (N=2915) | 1932 (66.3) |
Initiation of breast feeding after delivery (N=2890) | |
Within an hour | 1227 (42.4) |
Between 1 and 24 hours | 1538 (53.2) |
After 24 hours | 125 (4.4) |
GDM: Fasting blood sugar equal to or more than 92 mg/dL or 2-hour postprandial blood sugar equal to or more than 152 mg/dL. Hypertension: normal: SBP <120 mm Hg and DBP <80 mm Hg; prehypertension: SBP 120–139 mm Hg or DBP 80–89 mm Hg; stage 1 hypertension: SBP 140–159 mm Hg or DBP 90–99 mm Hg.
*Morbidity/hospitalisation (mother): postpartum haemorrhage, anaemia, infections, hypertensive disorder, diabetes mellitus, respiratory illness, thyroid disease.
†Morbidity/hospitalisation (newborn): fever, admission to NICU due to jaundice, low birth weight, IUGR, allergy, asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, Gastrointestinal abnormalities, congenital anomaly, macrocephaly, birth trauma, meconium aspiration, premature baby, infections, convulsions, pneumonia, hypoglycaemia.
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IUGR, Intrauterine growth restriction; MAASTHI, Maternal Antecedents of Adiposity and Studying the transgenerational role of Hyperglycaemia and Insulin; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; PUC, Pre-university college; SBP, systolic blood pressure.