Summary of the effect of exercise on cardiovascular risk factor in patients with CKD
| Study | Design | Stage of CKD | k (n)* | Exercise type | Mode | SMD or MD (95% CI) | Effect size | P value | I2 | GRADE |
| SBP | ||||||||||
| Pei et al40 | RCT/Quasi-RCT | Mixed | 12 (514) | AE | – | MD: −2.91 (−6.68 to 0.87) | – | 0.13 | 40.0% | ⨁⨁◯◯ |
| Wu et al48 | RCT/Quasi-RCT | Predialysis | 3 (204) | AE+RT | – | SMD: −0.19 (-0.46 to 0.08) | Small | 0.16 | 50.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Chen et al27 | RCT | KTRs | 5 (198) | Mixed | – | SMD: 0.18 (-0.10 to 0.46) | Small | 0.21 | 0.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Pu et al41 | RCT | HD | 7 (287) | Mixed | Intradialytic | SMD: −0.28 (−0.52 to 0.05) | Small | 0.02 | 0.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Yamamoto et al49 | RCT | Predialysis | 10 (392) | AE | – | SMD: −0.75 (−1.24 to 0.26) | Moderate | 0.003 | 80.3% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Thompson et al46 | RCT | Predialysis | 10 (335) | Mixed | – | MD: −4.30 (-9.00 to 0.40) | – | N.P. | 50.4% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Zhang et al52 | RCT | Predialysis | 14 (463) | Mixed | – | SMD: −0.41 (−0.70 to 0.11) | Small | 0.007 | 55.0% | ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
| Huang et al34 | RCT | HD | 7 (260) | Mixed | Mixed | SMD: −0.17 (-0.41 to 0.08) | Small | 0.18 | 8.0% | ⨁⨁◯◯ |
| Heiwe et al33 | RCT/Quasi-RCT | Mixed | 9 (347) | Mixed | – | SMD: 0.25 (0.04 to 0.47) | Small | 0.02 | 0.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Heiwe and Jacobson10 | RCT | HD | 10 (312) | Mixed | – | SMD: 0.04 (-0.34 to 0.41) | Small | 0.8 | 58.0% | ⨁⸋◯ |
| Sheng et al43 | RCT | HD | 7 (296) | Mixed | Intradialytic | SMD: −0.27 (−0.50 to 0.04) | Small | 0.02 | 0.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Ferrari et al30 | RCT | HD | 10 (332) | AE | Intradialytic | MD: −10.07 (16.35 to 3.78) | – | 0.002 | 44.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Vanden Wyngaert et al47 | RCT | Predialysis | 8 (269) | AE | – | SMD: 0.08 (-0.58 to 0.74) | Small | 0.81 | 84% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| DBP | ||||||||||
| Pei et al40 | RCT/Quasi-RCT | Mixed | 12 (514) | AE | – | MD: −1.11 (−3.41 to 1.20) | – | 0.35 | 0.0% | ⨁⨁◯◯ |
| Wu et al48 | RCT/Quasi-RCT | Predialysis | 4 (194) | AE+RT | – | SMD: −0.47 (-1.10 to 0.15) | Small | 0.14 | 70.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Chen et al27 | RCT | KTRs | 5 (198) | Mixed | – | SMD: 0.04 (-0.45 to 0.52) | Small | 0.89 | 59.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Pu et al41 | RCT | HD | 7 (287) | Mixed | Intradialytic | SMD: −0.32 (−0.55 to 0.08) | Small | 0.008 | 42.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Thompson et al46 | RCT | Predialysis | 8 (303) | Mixed | – | MD: −1.18 (-4.76 to 2.40) | – | N.P. | 60.5% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Zhang et al52 | RCT | Predialysis | 12 (399) | Mixed | – | SMD: −0.31 (-0.71 to 0.08) | Small | 0.12 | 70.0% | ⨁⨁◯◯ |
| Huang et al34 | RCT | HD | 7 (260) | Mixed | Mixed | SMD: −0.23 (-0.69 to 0.24) | Small | 0.34 | 68.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Heiwe et al33 | RCT/Quasi-RCT | Mixed | 11 (419) | Mixed | – | SMD: 0.16 (-0.04 to 0.36) | Small | 0.11 | 40.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Heiwe and Jacobson10 | RCT | HD | 10 (212) | Mixed | Mixed | SMD: 0.17 (-0.16 to 0.49) | Small | 0.3 | 45.0% | ⨁⨁◯◯ |
| Sheng et al43 | RCT | HD | 7 (296) | Mixed | Intradialytic | SMD: −0.24 (−0.47 to 0.01) | Small | 0.04 | 52.1% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Ferrari et al30 | RCT | HD | 10 (334) | AE | Intradialytic | MD: −2.96 (-7.71 to 1.78) | – | 0.22 | 0.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Vanden Wyngaert et al47 | RCT | Predialysis | 7 (237) | AE | – | SMD: −0.09 (-0.78 to 0.59) | Small | 0.79 | 83% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
Mixed means aerobic exercise combined with resistance training.
*Number of included studies and corresponding sample size.
AE, aerobic exercise; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; HD, haemodialysis; KTRs, kidney transplant recipients; MD, mean difference; N.P., no report; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RT, resistance training; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SMD, standardised mean difference.