Summary of the effect of exercise on muscle endurance in patients with CKD
| Study | Design | Stage of CKD | k (n)* | Exercise type | Mode | Outcome | SMD or MD (95% CI) | Effect size | P value | I2 | GRADE |
| Lu et al36 | RCT | Dialysis | 3 (193) | Mixed | Mixed | STS 10 | MD: −4.69 (−9.01 to 0.38) | – | 0.028 | 72.2% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Bogataj et al25 | RCT | HD | 5 (461) | Mixed | – | STS 10 | SMD: −0.55 (−1.00 to 0.09) | Moderate | 0.019 | 71.6% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Lu et al36 | RCT | Dialysis | 6 (240) | Mixed | Mixed | STS 30 | SMD: 0.43 (0.17 to 0.69) | Small | 0.001 | 2.0% | ⨁⨁◯◯ |
| Zhang et al51 | RCT | HD | 5 (164) | RT | Intradialytic | STS 30 | SMD: 0.42 (0.11,0.74) | Small | 0.008 | 0.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Sheng et al43 | RCT | HD | 3 (106) | Mixed | Intradialytic | STS 60 | SMD: 0.71 (0.31,1.12) | Moderate | <0.001 | 0.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Pei et al40 | RCT/Quasi-RCT | Mixed | 5 (445) | AE | – | STS 60 | MD: 2.08 (1.1,3.05) | – | 0.98 | 82.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Nakamura et al38 | RCT/Cross-over | Predialysis | 3 (170) | Mixed | – | TUGT | SMD: −0.42 (−0.73 to 0.11) | Small | 0.007 | 0.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Heiwe et al33 | RCT/Quasi-RCT | Mixed | 7 (191) | Mixed | – | Walking capacity | SMD: −0.48 (−0.79 to 0.17) | Small | 0.003 | 2.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Heiwe and Jacobson10 | RCT | HD | 7 (174) | Mixed | Mixed | Walking capacity | SMD: −0.33 (-0.67,0.01) | Small | 0.06 | 16.0% | ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
Mixed means aerobic exercise combined with resistance training.
*Number of included studies and corresponding sample size.
AE, aerobic exercise; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; HD, haemodialysis; MD, mean difference; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RT, resistance training; SMD, standardised mean difference; STS 10, sit-to-stand 10 test; STS 30, sit-to-stand 30 test; STS 60, sit-to-stand 60 test; TUGT, timed up and go test.