Logistic regression analyses for the associations of childhood maltreatment with hypertension
| Childhood maltreatment (CM) variable | Sample size | Hypertension n (%) | Unadjusted OR | P value | P interaction (CM*RE) | Adjusted OR | P value |
| Ever exposed to CM | |||||||
| Any CM | 0.083 | ||||||
| No | 739 | 64 (8.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1058 | 156 (14.7) | 1.82 (1.35–2.50) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.19–2.25) | 0.002 | |
| Sexual abuse | 0.081 | ||||||
| No | 1556 | 174 (11.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 241 | 46 (19.1) | 1.87 (1.30–2.66) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.12–2.37) | 0.009 | |
| Physical abuse | 0.468 | ||||||
| No | 1029 | 106 (10.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 768 | 114 (14.8) | 1.52 (1.14–2.02) | 0.004 | 1.43 (1.07–1.92) | 0.016 | |
| Emotional abuse | 0.201 | ||||||
| No | 1274 | 132 (10.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 523 | 88 (16.8) | 1.75 (1.30–2.34) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.16–2.13) | 0.003 | |
| Parental neglect | 0.557 | ||||||
| No | 1315 | 143 (10.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 482 | 77 (16.0) | 1.56 (1.15–2.09) | 0.004 | 1.37 (1.00–1.86) | 0.049 | |
| Exposure to multiple types of CM | 0.101 | ||||||
| No abuse | 739 | 64 (8.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 1–2 abuse types | 778 | 102 (13.1) | 1.59 (1.15–2.22) | 0.005 | 1.41 (1.01–1.99) | 0.046 | |
| 3–4 abuse types | 280 | 54 (19.3) | 2.52 (1.70–3.72) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.18–2.76) | 0.006 | |
| Frequency and severity of CM | |||||||
| Cumulative maltreatment (range 0–8) | 1797 | 220 (12.2) | 1.19 (1.12–1.28) | <0.001 | 0.061 | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | 0.002 |
| Sexual abuse | 0.081 | ||||||
| Never | 1556 | 174 (11.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Some | 156 | 25 (16.0) | 1.52 (0.94–2.35) | 0.073 | 1.39 (0.86–2.19) | 0.164 | |
| Often | 85 | 21 (24.7) | 2.61 (1.52–4.30) | <0.001 | 2.12 (1.21–3.60) | 0.007 | |
| Physical abuse | 0.378 | ||||||
| Never | 1029 | 106 (10.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Some | 378 | 48 (12.7) | 1.27 (0.87–1.81) | 0.202 | 1.24 (0.85–1.79) | 0.246 | |
| Often | 390 | 66 (16.9) | 1.77 (1.27–2.47) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.14–2.27) | 0.006 | |
| Emotional abuse | 0.116 | ||||||
| Never | 1274 | 132 (10.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Some | 290 | 44 (15.2) | 1.55 (1.06–2.22) | 0.020 | 1.44 (0.97–2.08) | 0.061 | |
| Often | 233 | 44 (18.9) | 2.01 (1.37–2.91) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.17–2.57) | 0.005 | |
| Parental neglect | 0.139 | ||||||
| Never | 1315 | 143 (10.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Some | 328 | 47 (14.3) | 1.37 (0.95–1.94) | 0.081 | 1.21 (0.84–1.73) | 0.302 | |
| Often | 154 | 30 (19.5) | 1.98 (1.26–3.03) | 0.002 | 1.74 (1.09–2.71) | 0.016 |
Logistic regression models adjusted for age, BMI, recent rape exposure, current smoking; current alcohol use, HIV infection, dysglycaemia (HbA1c≥5.7% and or previously diagnosed with diabetes),other traumatic exposures scores, depression scores and acute stress reactions (ASR) scores. Current smoking: currently smoke any tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars or pipes; current alcohol consumption: consumed at least one drink in an occasion within a month, respectively (one drink is equivalent to one can/bottle of beer, cider, cooler/glass of wine/tot of spirit); depression scores: depressive symptoms during the past week using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D score); ASR (scores): acute stress reactions measured using Davidson Trauma Scale, a validated self-rating scale. Cumulative maltreatment: ranged from 0 (no maltreated in any type) to 8 (often/severely maltreated in all 4 types).
BMI, body mass index; CM, childhood maltreatment; RE, rape exposure.;