Summary of the effect of exercise on body composition in patients with CKD
| Study | Design | Stage of CKD | k (n)* | Exercise type | Mode | SMD (95% CI) | Effect size | P value | I2 | GRADE |
| Chen et al27 | RCT | KTRs | 4 (166) | Mixed | – | SMD: 0.02 (−0.28 to 0.33) | Small | 0.89 | 0.0% | ⨁◯◯◯ |
| Yamamoto et al49 | RCT | Predialysis | 10 (414) | AE | – | SMD: −0.19 (−0.38 to 0.00) | Small | 0.026 | 0.0% | ⨁⨁◯◯ |
| Zhang et al52 | RCT | Predialysis | 13 (466) | Mixed | – | SMD: −0.21 (−0.39 to 0.03) | Small | 0.02 | 0.0% | ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
| Vanden Wyngaert et al47 | RCT | Predialysis | 9 (294) | AE | – | SMD: −0.36 (−0.60 to 0.13) | Small | 0.002 | 48.0% | ⨁⨁◯◯ |
Mixed means aerobic exercise combined with resistance training.
*Number of included studies and corresponding sample size.
AE, aerobic exercise; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; KTRs, kidney transplant recipients; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SMD, standardised mean difference.