Baseline characteristics of non-frail and frail heart failure patients according to receipt of heart failure-specific pharmacotherapy
| Characteristic | Not frail and received heart failure-specific pharmacotherapy | Not frail and no heart failure-specific pharmacotherapy | P value | Frail and received heart failure-specific pharmacotherapy | Frail and no heart failure-specific pharmacotherapy | P value |
| Total | n=3551 | n=777 | n=1025 | n=381 | ||
| Age years mean (SD) | 74.4 (14.4) | 78.6 (13.5) | <0.001 | 79.2 (12.5) | 80.8 (12.6) | 0.025 |
| Age ≥65 years n (%) | 2776 (78.2) | 666 (85.7) | <0.001 | 902 (88) | 344 (90.3) | 0.230 |
| Sex male n (%) | 1895 (53.4) | 371 (47.8) | 0.005 | 513 (50.1) | 195 (51.2) | 0.706 |
| Charlson index mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.7) | 0.199 | 3.3 (1.9) | 3.3 (2.1) | 0.875 |
| IRSD mean (SD) | 5.4 (2.6) | 5.4 (2.7) | 0.517 | 5.6 (2.7) | 5.6 (2.8) | 0.903 |
| Haemoglobin g/L mean (SD) | 124.8 (20.7) | 120.3 (22.5) | <0.001 | 118.8 (21.4) | 115.3 (23.5) | 0.008 |
| Creatinine µmol/L mean (SD) | 114.1 (63.9) | 119.5 (81.3) | 0.047 | 151.4 (84.2) | 166.9 (108.9) | 0.005 |
| NT-proBNP ng/L mean (SD) | 1451.2 (4427.6) | 1923.7 (4654.2) | 0.002 | 2552.7 (6545.7) | 4465.0 (9311.8) | <0.001 |
| Troponin ng/L mean (SD) | 0.9 (15.7) | 4.7 (58.5) | 0.002 | 0.7 (9.2) | 1.2 (11.4) | 0.416 |
| CRP mg/L mean (SD) | 21.8 (32.5) | 24.5 (36.3) | 0.092 | 33.9 (48.3) | 43.3 (58.9) | 0.006 |
| Albumin g/L mean (SD) | 34.6 (4.9) | 33.8 (4.8) | 0.002 | 32.9 (5.1) | 31.5 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| HFRS mean (SD) | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.6) | 0.006 | 8.5 (3.4) | 9.1 (3.5) | 0.004 |
| MUST mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.437 | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.145 |
| Aspirin n (%) | 1496 (42.1) | 116 (14.9) | <0.001 | 399 (38.9) | 50 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin n (%) | 755 (21.3) | 51 (6.6) | <0.001 | 274 (26.7) | 36 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| DOACs n (%) | 770 (21.7) | 45 (5.8) | <0.001 | 212 (20.7) | 11 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Statins n (%) | 2026 (57.1) | 125 (16.1) | <0.001 | 517 (50.4) | 60 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| ARNI n (%) | 75 (2.1) | 0 | <0.001 | 22 (2.2) | 0 | 0.004 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors, n (%) | 70 (1.9) | 2 (0.3) | 0.001 | 19 (1.9) | 1 (0.3) | 0.025 |
| Digoxin n (%) | 587 (16.5) | 36 (4.6) | <0.001 | 221 (21.6) | 22 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Ivabradine n (%) | 85 (2.4) | 5 (0.6) | 0.002 | 23 (2.2) | 2 (0.5) | 0.030 |
ARNI, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; CRP, C reactive protein; DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; HFRS, hospital frailty risk score; IRSD, Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage; MUST, malnutrition universal screening tool; NT-proBNP, N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide; SGLT2, sodium glucose co-transporter two inhibitor.