Excess mortality rates (per 100 000 persons) and relative rate ratio (M/F ratio) for cardiovascular diseases associated with influenza type/subtypes by age in older adults in Shanghai, China, 2010–2019
| Influenza type/subtypes | Underlying cause | 60–64 years | 65–69 years | 70–74 years | 75–79 years | 80–84 years | 85 years |
| Influenza-associated excess mortality | |||||||
| Influenza | CVD | 2.78 (0.40–4.77) | 6.81 (2.15–11.39) | 24.41 (16.06–31.97) | 45.71 (34.27–56.96) | 122.12 (98.97–144.91) | 341.91 (290.85–394.62) |
| IHD | 1.79 (0.34–3.06) | 3.59 (1.33–5.63) | 8.69 (4.15–13.1) | 17.42 (10.74–24.8) | 65.90 (52.94–78.60) | 193.06 (165.42–222.97) | |
| Stroke | 0.56 (−1.24–2.38) | 2.24 (−1.53–5.46) | 12.09 (6.12–17.86) | 24.59 (16.01–32.68) | 47.78 (32.64–63.30) | 110.05 (78.13–139.53) | |
| A (H1N1) | CVD | 2.13 (1.08–3.07) | 1.84 (−0.10–3.73) | 7.41 (3.87–11.17) | 13.07 (8.30–17.84) | 36.68 (26.76–46.94) | 63.48 (40.68–87.84) |
| IHD | 0.66 (0.10–1.21) | 0.49 (−0.59–1.42) | 2.11 (0.05–3.89) | 6.90 (4.07–9.85) | 18.11 (12.51–23.85) | 32.93 (18.70–46.78) | |
| Stroke | 1.04 (0.31–1.76) | 1.69 (0.36–2.90) | 3.44 (0.66–5.53) | 6.50 (3.23–9.88) | 11.73 (4.98–18.01) | 21.55 (7.94–34.62) | |
| A (H3N2) | CVD | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 6.31 (3.52–9.08) | 12.09 (6.52–17.55) | 19.37 (11.86–27.02) | 49.55 (32.73–64.84) | 193.53 (156.58–228.68) |
| IHD | 0.16 (−0.82–1.13) | 1.75 (0.17–3.17) | 4.09 (1.07–6.74) | 5.48 (0.69–10.08) | 29.50 (20.63–37.88) | 99.70 (79.66–122.12) | |
| Stroke | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 3.00 (0.73–5.12) | 6.87 (3.00–10.40) | 9.61 (3.93–15.44) | 21.76 (11.54–32.30) | 72.56 (50.41–93.51) | |
| B | CVD | 1.03 (−0.72–2.78) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 5.35 (−0.95–11.52) | 13.96 (5.53–22.73) | 38.04 (19.68–55.56) | 90.06 (49.18–129.87) |
| IHD | 1.00 (0.05–1.97) | 1.39 (−0.22–2.98) | 2.65 (−0.95–5.64) | 5.35 (−0.12–10.51) | 19.87 (9.45–29.11) | 63.96 (41.93–83.82) | |
| Stroke | 0.42 (−0.86–1.65) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 1.95 (−2.83–6.32) | 8.82 (2.26–15.12) | 14.85 (2.83–26.23) | 17.06 (−7.56–39.92) | |
| M/F ratio | |||||||
| Influenza | CVD | 0.40 (−0.82–1.63) | 1.99 (−0.63–4.61) | 2.84 (0.67–5.01) | 1.50 (0.77–2.22) | 1.70 (1.10–2.30) | 1.07 (0.79–1.36) |
| IHD | 1.01 (−0.44–2.47) | 4.69 (−6.31–15.69) | 1.76 (−0.02–3.55) | 1.22 (0.26–2.17) | 1.36 (0.85–1.87) | 0.89 (0.64–1.15) | |
| Stroke | 0.07 (−1.64–1.78) | – | 3.53 (−0.87–7.92) | 1.61 (0.49–2.74) | 1.93 (0.71–3.15) | 1.27 (0.66–1.88) | |
| A (H1N1) | CVD | 1.58 (0.36–2.80) | 2.91 (−3.94–9.75) | 1.97 (0.25–3.69) | 1.77 (0.54–3.01) | 2.11 (0.99–3.22) | 1.05 (0.30–1.81) |
| IHD | 2.50 (−6.46–11.46) | – | 2.61 (−3.29–8.51) | 0.80 (0.08–1.52) | 2.11 (0.79–3.42) | 1.13 (0.21–2.05) | |
| Stroke | 1.48 (−0.03–2.98) | 2.00 (−1.79–5.79) | 1.28 (−0.32–2.88) | 3.19 (−1.27–7.66) | 2.44 (−0.02–4.89) | 0.44 (−0.26–1.15) | |
| A (H3N2) | CVD | – | 1.19 (0.05–2.33) | 4.92 (−2.4–12.24) | 1.40 (0.35–2.44) | 1.42 (0.67–2.17) | 1.14 (0.77–1.51) |
| IHD | 0.20 (−2.28–2.69) | 0.44 (−0.70–1.58) | 1.88 (−0.68–4.44) | 1.40 (−0.29–3.09) | 1.07 (0.46–1.67) | 0.98 (0.62–1.34) | |
| Stroke | – | 6.21 (−14.69–27.1) | 9.06 (−21.89–40.02) | 1.18 (−0.17–2.52) | 2.17 (0.02–4.32) | 1.67 (0.65–2.69) | |
| B | CVD | 0.81 (−2.09–3.72) | – | 1.84 (−2.01–5.69) | 1.42 (−0.31–3.16) | 1.87 (−0.08–3.82) | 0.96 (0.21–1.70) |
| IHD | 1.30 (−0.97–3.57) | – | 1.25 (−1.70–4.19) | 1.98 (−4.41–8.37) | 1.35 (0.07–2.63) | 0.68 (0.21–1.16) | |
| Stroke | 0.56 (−1.43–2.54) | – | 3.63 (−12.67–19.93) | 1.46 (−0.62–3.54) | 1.36 (−0.64–3.36) | 1.41 (−0.74–3.57) | |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; M/F ratio, male-to-female ratio.