Factors associated with disturbed sleep in the preceding 30 days by multivariable logistic regression model
| Likelihood of having disturbed sleep | ||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Gender | ||
| Male | Ref | |
| Female | 1.51 (1.29 to 1.76) | <0.001* |
| Age group | ||
| <35 | Ref | |
| 35–54 | 0.87 (0.70 to 1.09) | 0.232 |
| 55–74 | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.34) | 0.798 |
| 75 or above | 1.20 (0.85 to 1.70) | 0.292 |
| Employment status | ||
| Employed | Ref | |
| Unemployed | 1.51 (1.09 to 2.10) | 0.014* |
| Retired | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.20) | 0.776 |
| Homemaker | 1.69 (1.40 to 2.04) | <0.001* |
| Student | 0.76 (0.53 to 1.08) | 0.129 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | Ref | |
| Never married | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.14) | 0.428 |
| Divorced/separated | 1.23 (0.95 to 1.60) | 0.111 |
| Widowed | 1.09 (0.87 to 1.37) | 0.437 |
| Immigrant background | ||
| Born in Hong Kong | Ref | |
| Immigrant living in Hong Kong for 7 years or more | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.08) | 0.369 |
| Immigrant living in Hong Kong for less than 7 years | 1.01 (0.72 to 1.41) | 0.969 |
| Educational background | ||
| No schooling/preprimary | 1.54 (1.13 to 2.10) | 0.006* |
| Primary | 1.58 (1.26 to 1.98) | <0.001* |
| Secondary | 1.20 (1.01 to 1.44) | 0.044* |
| Tertiary | Ref | |
| Monthly household income | ||
| <HK$12 250 | 1.25 (1.06 to 1.48) | 0.008* |
| HK$12 250–24 499 | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.15) | 0.858 |
| ≥HK$24 500 | Ref | |
| Doctor-diagnosed chronic condition (excluding mental health condition) | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 2.21 (1.92 to 2.55) | <0.001* |
| Doctor-diagnosed mental health condition | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 3.06 (2.23 to 4.19) | <0.001* |
| Physical activity (defined by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire) | ||
| Sufficient | Ref | |
| Insufficient | 1.27 (1.08 to 1.50) | 0.005* |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | Ref | |
| Current | 1.36 (1.12 to 1.65) | 0.002* |
| Former | 1.33 (1.10 to 1.61) | 0.003* |
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| Never | Ref | |
| Former | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.12) | 0.429 |
| Non-harmful current† | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.17) | 0.992 |
| Harmful current† | 2.11 (1.53 to 2.92) | <0.001* |
Sixty-four respondents were excluded in the regression analyses because of refusal to disclose monthly household income or unemployment due to long-term health condition, disability, occupational injury and recipient of Comprehensive Social Security Assistance.
*Significant at 0.05 level by multivariable logistic regression.
†Harmful drinking was defined as Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores of ≥8.
HK$, Hong Kong dollar.