Demographic characteristics of participants
| Phase 1 (n=100) | Phase 2 (n=171) | |||
| Number | Percentage (%) | Number | Percentage (%) | |
| Age | ||||
| 18–29 | 34 | 34.0 | 46 | 26.9 |
| 30–39 | 40 | 40.0 | 70 | 40.9 |
| 40–49 | 14 | 14.0 | 43 | 25.1 |
| 50–64 | 12 | 12.0 | 10 | 5.8 |
| 65 and above | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.2 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 86 | 86.0 | 153 | 89.5 |
| Female | 14 | 14.0 | 18 | 10.5 |
| Ethnic groups | ||||
| Malay | 19 | 19.0 | 21 | 12.3 |
| Chinese | 18 | 18.0 | 58 | 33.9 |
| Bidayuh | 7 | 7.0 | 17 | 9.9 |
| Iban | 34 | 34.0 | 42 | 24.6 |
| Melanau | 9 | 9.0 | 17 | 9.9 |
| Others | 13 | 13.0 | 16 | 9.4 |
| Years of smoking | ||||
| 1–5 years | 32 | 32.0 | 44 | 25.7 |
| 6–10 years | 31 | 31.0 | 58 | 33.9 |
| More than 10 years | 37 | 37.0 | 69 | 40.4 |