Characteristics of the study cohort stratified by presence of OUD diagnosis prior to and at index ED visit
| Characteristic | All ED visits | ED visits with no previous diagnosis of OUD in EHR | ||||
| No OUD | OUD | ASD | No OUD | OUD | ASD | |
| N | 341 733 | 3995 | 325 501 | 1868 | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 49.5 (21.1) | 42.6 (16.0) | 37.2 | 49.6 (21.3) | 45.1 (17.6) | 22.8 |
| Sex | 21.3 | 15.8 | ||||
| Male | 133 699 (39.1) | 1984 (49.7) | 126 523 (38.9) | 872 (46.7) | ||
| Female | 208 034 (60.9) | 2011 (50.3) | 198 978 (61.1) | 996 (53.3) | ||
| Ethnicity | 19.3 | 13.5 | ||||
| Hispanic | 20 467 (6.0) | 87 (2.2) | 20 115 (6.2) | 62 (3.3) | ||
| Non-Hispanic | 321 266 (94.0) | 3908 (97.8) | 305 386 (93.8) | 1806 (96.7) | ||
| Race | ||||||
| Non-white | 136 489 (39.9) | 771 (19.3) | 46.4 | 131 866 (40.5) | 397 (21.3) | 42.6 |
| White | 205 244 (60.1) | 3224 (80.7) | 46.4 | 193 635 (59.4) | 1471 (78.7) | 42.6 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Non-married | 221 299 (64.8) | 3103 (77.7) | 28.8 | 209 315 (64.3) | 1364 (73.0) | 18.9 |
| Married | 120 434 (35.2) | 892 (22.3) | 28.8 | 116 186 (35.7) | 504 (27.0) | 18.9 |
| Clinical characteristics assessed in baseline period | ||||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 2.0 (2.9) | 1.6 (2.6) | 13.5 | 1.9 (2.8) | 1.6 (2.6) | 12.8 |
| Chronic pain (any) | 156 245 (45.7) | 2369 (59.3) | 27.4 | 143 065 (44.0) | 1000 (53.5) | 19.3 |
| Physical injuries, burns, accidents (any) | 135 983 (39.8) | 1878 (47.0) | 14.6 | 125 660 (38.6) | 783 (41.9) | 6.8 |
| Mental health condition (any) | 116 719 (34.2) | 2364 (59.2) | 51.8 | 104 621 (32.1) | 767 (41.1) | 18.6 |
| Opioid use disorder | 16 232 (4.8) | 2127 (53.2) | 126.4 | |||
| Alcohol use disorder | 23 041 (6.7) | 703 (17.6) | 33.7 | 19 528 (6.0) | 159 (8.5) | 9.7 |
| Tobacco use | 96 116 (28.1) | 2425 (60.7) | 69.4 | 86 570 (26.6) | 846 (45.3) | 39.7 |
| Domestic abuse/neglect | 1735 (0.5) | 55 (1.4) | 9.0 | 1419 (0.4) | 21 (1.1) | 7.8 |
| Inpatient stay | 120 494 (35.3) | 1906 (47.7) | 25.5 | 108 647 (33.4) | 554 (29.7) | 8.0 |
| Other analgesics | 165 784 (48.5) | 2306 (57.7) | 18.5 | 153 659 (47.2) | 899 (48.1) | 1.8 |
| Opioids | 156 546 (45.8) | 2349 (58.8) | 26.2 | 143 473 (44.1) | 1072 (57.4) | 26.9 |
| Psychotropic meds | 140 578 (41.1) | 2270 (56.8) | 31.8 | 127 939 (39.3) | 842 (45.1) | 11.7 |
| MOUD | 8193 (2.4) | 589 (14.7) | 45.2 | 5174 (1.6) | 77 (4.1) | 15.2 |
Not reportable, cell size less than 11.
N (%) are reported unless otherwise noted.
.ASD, absolute standardised difference; ED, emergency department; EHR, electronic health record; MOUD, medications for OUD; OUD, opioid use disorder.