Table 5

Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure in northern Midlands and mountainous region of Vietnam, 2014–2020

VariableYear/adjusted OR (95% CI)
2014201620182020
Age of HH1.122
(1.108 to 1.446)		1.119***
(1.108 to 1.446)		1.016***
(1.004 to 1.029)		1.033*** (1.009 to 1.058)
Gender of HH
FemaleReferentReferentReferentReferent
Male0.567
(0.182 to 1.760)		0.318***
(0.138 to 0.735)		0.772
(0.547 to 1.091)		0.332*** (0.148 to 0.744)
Marital status
Others (Single, widowed, divorced…)ReferentReferentReferentReferent
Married2.546
(0.719 to 9.012)		3.681**
(1.221 to 11.102)		0.707**
(0.502 to 0.994)		1.786
(0.737 to 4.329)
Employment status of HH head
Currently not employedReferentReferentReferentReferent
Currently employed0.424
(0.126 to 1.419)		0.710
(0.188 to 2.679)		0.579**
(0.405 to 0.828)		0.455*
(0.185 to 1.121)
Household with children (under 6 years)
NoReferentReferentReferentReferent
Yes0.731
(0.371 to 1.443)		0.579
(0.277 to 1.211)		0.835
(0.609 to 1.145)		0.819
(0.397 to 1.688)
Household with old age member (60 years and above)
NoReferentReferentReferentReferent
Yes1.832*
(0.993 to 3.381)		1.14
(0.587 to 2.237)		1.471**
(1.043 to 2.074)		1.809*
(0.974 to 3.360)
Settlement
RuralReferentReferentReferentReferent
Urban0.589*
(0.222 to 0.930)		0.693**
(0.151 to 0.810)		1.241
(0.625 to 2.464)		0.423*
(0.168 to 1.067)
Social economic status
Q1 (poorest)ReferentReferentReferentReferent
Q20.566
(0.265 to 1.211)		0.829
(0.362 to 1.897)		1.217
(0.900 to 1.645)		1.008
(0.480 to 2.118)
Q30.235**
(0.075 to 0.739)		1.023
(0.427 to 2.450)		0.717*
(0.489 to 1.050)		0.283**
(0.096 to 0.833)
Q40.106***
(0.025 to 0.445)		0.244*
(0.048 to 1.231)		0.462***
(0.284 to 0.754)		0.252**
(0.065 to 0.975)
Q5 (richest)0.101*** (0.021 to 0.493)0.037*** (0.005 to 0.270)1.019 (0.639 to 1.623)0.113***
(0.028 to 0.463)
The no of household members having health insurance0.736***
(0.605 to 0.896)		0.778***
(0.643 to 0.941)		0.708***
(0.645 to 0.777)		0.801**
(0.646 to 0.994)
Households with members suffering severe illness/injury
NoReferentReferentReferentReferent
Yes4.982***
(2.381 to 10.424)		4.699***
(2.327 to 9.491)		6.122***
(4.684 to 8.002)		4.940*** (2.534 to 9.628)
No of outpatient visits in the last 12 months0.949
(0.878 to 1.027)		1.008
(0.960 to 1.057)		1.027***
(1.011 to 1.044)		1.119***
(1.058 to 1.183)
No of impatient admissions in the last 12 months1.704***
(1.406 to 2.064)		1.325***
(1.154 to 1.520)		1.259***
(1.193 to 1.328)		1.648***
(1.369 to 1.985)
Type of facility visited
Public health facilityReferentReferentReferentReferent
Private health facility2.476**
(1.006 to 6.095)		2.231*
(0.867 to 5.740)		0.947
(0.658 to 1.364)		2.072*
(0.930 to 4.618)
Traditional healers and individual medical services0.785
(0.245 to 2.521)		1.496
(0.361 to 6.197)		0.828
(0.405 to 1.693)		2.221
(0.345 to 14.281)
No of observations1658166116591662

  • ***, ** and * denote the significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.

  • HH, household head.