Prevalence and distribution of mother and newborn skin-to-skin contact across the explanatory variables
| Variables | Weighted N (%) | Mother and newborn SSC % (95% CI) | cOR (95% CI) |
| Prevalence | 45.2 (42.4 to 48.0) | ||
| Sex of child | |||
| Male | 3147 (52.1) | 45.4 (41.9 to 48.9) | 1.00 |
| Female | 2897 (47.9) | 45.1 (41.8 to 48.4) | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.16) |
| Birth order | |||
| First | 1430 (23.7) | 50.3 (46.0 to 54.7) | 1.00 |
| Second | 1203 (19.9) | 45.7 (41.2 to 50.4) | 0.83 (0.66 to 1.05) |
| Third | 1085 (17.9) | 45.5 (40.8 to 50.3) | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.02) |
| Fourth | 808 (13.4) | 46.9 (41.9 to 51.8) | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.10) |
| Fifth or more | 1517 (25.1) | 38.9 (34.4 to 43.7) | 0.63*** (0.49 to 0.81) |
| Birth weight | |||
| Normal (≥2.5 kg) | 5608 (92.8) | 43.5 (40.8 to 46.2) | 1.00 |
| Low birth weight (<2.5 kg) | 436 (7.2) | 67.4 (60.1 to 74.0) | 2.69*** (1.96 to 3.68) |
| Delivery by caesarean section | |||
| No | 5824 (96.4) | 45.5 (42.8 to 48.3) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 220 (3.6) | 36.8 (22.1 to 54.4) | 0.70 (0.34 to 1.42) |
| Type of birth | |||
| Single | 5973 (98.8) | 45.3 (42.5 to 48.1) | 1.00 |
| Multiple | 71 (1.2) | 37.3 (25.4 to 51.0) | 0.72 (0.41 to 1.25) |
| Mother’s age (years) | |||
| 15–19 | 255 (4.2) | 47.0 (37.5 to 56.7) | 1.00 |
| 20–24 | 1326 (21.9) | 46.5 (41.4 to 51.8) | 0.98 (0.64 to 1.51) |
| 25–29 | 1618 (26.8) | 47.7 (42.9 to 52.6) | 1.03 (0.70 to 1.50) |
| 30–34 | 1223 (20.2) | 43.9 (39.6 to 48.2) | 0.88 (0.58 to 1.35) |
| 35–39 | 1006 (16.6) | 42.1 (36.7 to 53.4) | 0.82 (0.53 to 1.26) |
| 40–44 | 454 (7.5) | 45.3 (37.4 to 53.4) | 0.93 (0.58 to 1.50) |
| 45–49 | 162 (2.7) | 36.3 (27.4 to 46.2) | 0.64 (0.37 to 1.10) |
| Maternal educational level | |||
| No education | 1532 (25.4) | 28.5 (24.7 to 32.6) | 1.00 |
| Primary | 2976 (49.2) | 45.5 (42.3 to 48.7) | 2.09*** (1.70 to 2.58) |
| Secondary or higher | 1536 (25.4) | 61.3 (56.9 to 65.6) | 3.98*** (3.04 to 5.21) |
| Marital status | |||
| Previously married | 420 (6.9) | 45.9 (38.4 to 53.5) | 1.00 |
| Never married | 199 (3.3) | 44.1 (36.1 to 52.4) | 0.93 (0.59 to 1.45) |
| Married | 4433 (73.4) | 45.6 (42.8 to 48.5) | 0.99 (0.73 to 1.35) |
| Cohabiting | 992 (16.4) | 43.3 (36.6 to 50.3) | 0.90 (0.60 to 1.35) |
| Current working status | |||
| No | 4165 (68.9) | 42.9 (39.9 to 45.9) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1879 (31.1) | 50.5 (45.5 to 55.4) | 1.36** (1.09 to 1.69) |
| Number of antenatal care visits | |||
| Below four visits | 2931 (48.5) | 33.4 (30.3 to 36.38) | 1.00 |
| Four or more visits | 3113 (51.5) | 56.3 (53.0 to 59.5) | 2.56*** (2.16 to 3.04) |
| Place of delivery | |||
| Home | 2414 (40.0) | 20.4 (17.6 to 23.5) | 1.00 |
| Health facility | 3435 (56.8) | 64.4 (61.4 to 67.3) | 7.05*** (5.65 to 8.78) |
| Other | 195 (3.2) | 14.7 (9.2 to 22.7) | 0.67 (0.39 to 1.16) |
| Health insurance coverage | |||
| No | 5861 (97.0 | 44.5 (41.8 to 47.2) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 183 (3.0) | 69.2 (57.5 to 78.8) | 2.80*** (1.72 to 4.55) |
| Exposed to watching television | |||
| No | 4769 (78.9) | 40.7 (37.8 to 43.6) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1275 (21.1) | 62.2 (56.5 to 67.5) | 2.39*** (1.84 to 3.11) |
| Exposed to listening to radio | |||
| No | 4015 (66.4) | 39.4 (36.5 to 42.5) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2029 (33.6) | 56.7 (52.4 to 60.8) | 2.01*** (1.64 to 2.45) |
| Exposed to reading newspaper/magazine | |||
| No | 4044 (66.9) | 38.7 (35.7 to 41.9) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2000 (33.1) | 58.3 (54.2 to 62.3) | 2.21*** (1.80 to 2.71) |
| Wealth index | |||
| Poorest | 1292 (21.4) | 27.8 (23.4 to 32.6) | 1.00 |
| Poorer | 1205 (19.9) | 38.6 (34.2 to 43.2) | 1.64** (1.24 to 2.16) |
| Middle | 1190 (19.7) | 43.8 (39.3 to 48.3) | 2.03*** (1.55 to 2.66) |
| Richer | 1205 (19.9) | 51.5 (46.7 to 56.3) | 2.76*** (2.04 to 3.73) |
| Richest | 1151 (19.1) | 66.6 (60.8 to 72.0) | 5.19*** (3.69 to 7.14) |
| Place of residence | |||
| Urban | 674 (11.2) | 63.1 (55.2 to 70.4) | 1.00 |
| Rural | 5370 (88.8) | 43.0 (40.0 to 46.0) | 0.44*** (0.31 to 0.62) |
| Region | |||
| Southern region | 1194 (19.8) | 53.7 (49.0 to 58.3) | 1.00 |
| Highlands region | 2292 (37.9) | 42.3 (37.3 to 47.5) | 0.63** (0.48 to 0.84) |
| Momase region | 1692 (28.0) | 39.1 (33.5 to 45.0) | 0.55*** (0.41 to 0.75) |
| Islands region | 866 (14.3) | 53.3 (48.3 to 58.1) | 0.98 (0.75 to 1.29) |
| Community literacy level | |||
| Low | 2549 (42.2) | 31.3 (27.7 to 35.1) | 1.00 |
| Medium | 1925 (31.8) | 48.6 (43.9 to 53.4) | 2.08*** (1.60 to 2.69) |
| High | 1570 (26.0) | 63.6 (59.0 to 68.0) | 3.84***(2.95 to 4.99) |
| Community socioeconomic status | |||
| Low | 3211 (53.1) | 35.4 (32.1 to 39.0) | 1.00 |
| Medium | 876 (14.5) | 47.3 (40.5 to 54.2) | 1.64** (1.19 to 2.25) |
| High | 1956 (32.4) | 60.3 (55.8 to 64.7) | 2.77*** (2.17 to 3.53) |
1.00=reference category. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
cOR, crude OR; SSC, skin-to-skin contact.