Variable | Total | Low stress (%) | Moderate stress (%) | High stress (%) | Mean PSS-10 score | One-way ANOVA* | Kruskal-Wallis† test* |
Age | |||||||
18–24 | 1151 | 153 (13.3) | 661 (19.1) | 337 (29.3) | 22.2 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
25–34 | 371 | 71 (19.1) | 204 (55.0) | 96 (25.9) | 20.8 | ||
35 and over | 157 | 49 (23.3) | 93 (21.7) | 35 (55.0) | 18.8 | ||
Gender | |||||||
Male | 515 | 117 (22.7) | 292 (56.7) | 106 (20.6) | 19.7 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Female | 1152 | 154 (13.4) | 654 (56.8) | 344 (29.9) | 22.2 | ||
Other | 32 | 2 (6.2) | 12 (37.5) | 18 (56.3) | 27.4 | ||
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 205 | 54 (26.3) | 113 (55.1) | 38 (18.5) | 19.0 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Widowed | 3 | 0 (0) | 3 (100) | 0 (0) | 22.3 | ||
Divorced | 27 | 6 (22.2) | 13 (48.1) | 8 (29.6) | 20.6 | ||
Separated | 12 | 1 (8.3) | 5 (41.7) | 6 (50.0) | 26.4 | ||
Partnered | 209 | 22 (10.7) | 116 (56.3) | 71 (34.5) | 22.7 | ||
Single | 1226 | 186 (15.2) | 699 (57.0) | 341 (27.8) | 21.7 | ||
Other | 17 | 4 (23.5) | 9 (53.0) | 4 (23.5) | 20.5 | ||
Ethnicity | |||||||
American Indian/Native Alaskan | 16 | 3 (18.7) | 8 (50.0) | 5 (31.3) | 21.8 | 0.36 | 0.45 |
Asian/Asian American | 341 | 52 (15.2) | 212 (62.2) | 77 (22.6) | 21.1 | ||
Black/African American | 96 | 21 (21.9) | 48 (50.0) | 27 (28.1) | 20.3 | ||
Hispanic/Latino/a/x | 403 | 50 (12.4) | 240 (59.6) | 113 (28.0) | 22.2 | ||
MENA/Arabic Origin | 25 | 4 (16.0) | 13 (52.0) | 8 (32.0) | 22.3 | ||
Pacific Islanders/Native Hawaiian | 32 | 6 (18.7) | 19 (59.4) | 7 (21.9) | 21.3 | ||
White/Caucasian | 650 | 117 (18.0) | 342 (52.6) | 191 (29.4) | 21.5 | ||
Biracial/Multiracial | 115 | 14 (12.2) | 67 (58.3) | 34 (29.6) | 21.9 | ||
Other | 21 | 6 (28.6) | 9 (42.8) | 6 (28.6) | 19.6 | ||
Class standing | |||||||
1st year undergraduate | 285 | 45 (15.8) | 182 (63.9) | 58 (20.3) | 20.6 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
2nd year undergraduate | 270 | 28 (10.4) | 161 (59.6) | 81 (30.0) | 22.5 | ||
3rd year undergraduate | 317 | 40 (12.6) | 165 (52.1) | 112 (35.3) | 22.9 | ||
4th year undergraduate | 273 | 45 (16.5) | 141 (51.6) | 87 (31.9) | 22.3 | ||
5th year or more undergraduate | 158 | 23 (14.5) | 84 (53.2) | 51 (32.3) | 22.5 | ||
Master’s | 174 | 40 (23.0) | 100 (57.5) | 34 (19.5) | 19.6 | ||
Doctorate | 190 | 46 (24.2) | 106 (55.8) | 38 (20.0) | 19.5 | ||
Not seeking a degree | 8 | 0 (0) | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 19.4 | ||
Other | 24 | 6 (25.0) | 12 (50.0) | 6 (25.0) | 20.8 | ||
Employment status | |||||||
Full time | 316 | 60 (19.0) | 183 (57.9) | 73 (23.1) | 20.8 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Part time | 595 | 89 (15.0) | 336 (56.5) | 170 (28.6) | 21.7 | ||
Unemployed | 520 | 87 (16.7) | 306 (58.8) | 127 (24.4) | 21.1 | ||
Laid off due to COVID-19 | 178 | 18 (10.1) | 85 (47.8) | 75 (42.1) | 23.9 | ||
Retired | 10 | 4 (40.0) | 4 (40.0) | 2 (20.0) | 16.6 | ||
Not working due to disability | 13 | 0 (0) | 6 (46.2) | 7 (53.8) | 26.5 | ||
Other | 67 | 15 (22.4) | 38 (56.7) | 14 (20.9) | 20.3 | ||
Financial situation compared with pre-COVID-19 | |||||||
A lot of more stressful | 626 | 41 (6.5) | 320 (51.1) | 265 (42.3) | 24.7 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Somewhat more stressful | 601 | 95 (15.8) | 375 (62.4) | 131 (21.8) | 21.0 | ||
No change | 392 | 117 (29.8) | 220 (56.1) | 55 (14.0) | 17.9 | ||
Somewhat less stressful | 49 | 9 (18.4) | 28 (57.1) | 12 (24.4) | 20.2 | ||
A lot less stressful | 31 | 11 (35.5) | 15 (48.4) | 5 (16.1) | 17.1 |
*The p values are obtained via F tests in one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The F tests were performed to test the equality of the means for the groups within each variable.
†The p values are obtained via Kruskal-Wallis tests. The Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to test the equality of the medians for the groups within each variable.
MENA, Middle Eastern or Northern African; PSS-10, Perceived Stress Scale.