Standardised coefficients of the first and second pairs of typical variables
| SDL ability | Variables | Typical variable 1 | Typical variable 2 |
| DREEM (X) | SPL (X1) | −0.377 | −0.122 |
| SPT (X2) | 0.094 | 1.467 | |
| SASP (X3) | −0.350 | −0.491 | |
| SPA (X4) | −0.212 | −0.160 | |
| SSSP (X5) | −0.240 | −0.443 | |
| SDL ability (Y) | Self-management ability (Y1) | −0.470 | 1.287 |
| Information capability (Y2) | −0.299 | −0.004 | |
| Cooperative learning ability (Y3) | −0.357 | −1.309 |
DREEM, Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure; SASP, students’ academic self-perceptions; SDL, self-directed learning; SPA, students’ perceptions of atmosphere; SPL, students’ perception of learning; SPT, students’ perception of teaching; SSSP, students’ social self-perceptions.