Pooled proportions by medical discipline of specialty
| Discipline | No of studies | Sample size | Frequency | Pooled proportion (95% CI) | I2 (95% CI) | Q-test, p value |
| Surgery | 31 | 7631 | 2304 | 29.5 (25.0 to 34.2) | 94.9 (93.4 to 95.7) | 553, <0.0001 |
| Internal medicine | 31 | 7986 | 1981 | 17.3 (11.7 to 23.7) | 98.0 (97.6 to 98.3) | 1469.0, <0.0001 |
| Obstetrics and gynaecology | 30 | 7386 | 985 | 15.0 (12.3 to 17.9) | 90.6 (87.7 to 92.8) | 308.4, <0.0001 |
| Paediatrics | 30 | 7386 | 798 | 11.3 (9.6 to 13.2) | 80.6 (72.9 to 86.0) | 149.1, <0.0001 |
| Undecided | 15 | 4795 | 548 | 11.1 (7.3 to 15.6) | 94.8 (92.8 to 96.2) | 269.7, <0.0001 |
| Others | 18 | 3647 | 352 | 9.7 (4.4 to 16.6) | 97.3 (96.6 to 97.9) | 630.4, <0.0001 |
| Public health | 25 | 7085 | 363 | 5.8 (4.4 to 7.4) | 84.7 (78.6 to 89.1) | 157.2, <0.0001 |
| Orthopaedics | 5 | 662 | 26 | 3.3 (0.9 to 6.8) | 75.5 (39.9 to 90.0) | 16.3, 0.003 |
| Ophthalmology | 17 | 3658 | 109 | 3.1 (2.2 to 4.2) | 53.8 (20.0 to 73.3) | 34.6, 0.005 |
| Radiology | 22 | 5665 | 159 | 2.9 (1.9 to 4.1) | 78.3 (67.7 to 85.5) | 96.9, <0.0001 |
| Family medicine | 14 | 3064 | 98 | 2.7 (1.7 to 3.8) | 55.1 (18.1 to 75.4) | 29.0, 0.007 |
| Pathology | 14 | 3724 | 82 | 2.5 (1.3 to 4.2) | 83.3 (73.4 to 89.6) | 78.1, <0.0001 |
| Anaesthesiology | 19 | 5235 | 101 | 2.1 (1.0 to 3.6) | 87.3 (81.6 to 91.2) | 141.6, <0.0001 |
| Dermatology | 4 | 1610 | 20 | 1.5 (0.3 to 3.4) | 77.6 (39.3 to 91.7) | 13.4. 0.004 |
| Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) | 10 | 2464 | 31 | 1.4 (0.4 to 2.8) | 77.2 (58.0 to 87.6) | 39.4, <0.0001 |
| Psychiatry | 16 | 4901 | 99 | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.2) | 67.9 (46.0 to 80.9) | 46.7, <0.0001 |
| Emergency medicine | 3 | 323 | 4 | 0.9 (0.0 to 3.4) | 50.9 (0.0 to 85.8) | 4.07, 0.131 |