Summary of pooled unadjusted and adjusted estimates of the factors associated with age-appropriate breast feeding in children aged 12–23 months in Ghana, 2003–2017
| Number age-appropriately breastfed* | % age-appropriately breastfed† | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Wald test P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted Wald test P value | |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
| Maternal age (in years)‡ | ||||||
| <20 | 210 | 69.5 | 1.05 (0.74 to 1.48) | 0.01 | 1.21 (0.83 to 1.77) | 0.04 |
| 20–34 | 2928 | 68.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 35–49 | 1278 | 74.1 | 1.31 (1.10 to 1.57) | 1.26 (1.04 to 1.52) | ||
| Maternal marital status‡ | ||||||
| Not married | 449 | 60.6 | 0.56 (0.46 to 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.53 to 0.84) | 0.003 |
| married | 3265 | 73.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Living with partner | 702 | 65.5 | 0.69 (0.57 to 0.84) | 0.91 (0.74 to 1.11) | ||
| Ethnicity‡ | ||||||
| Akan | 1252 | 60.8 | 0.31 (0.25 to 0.39) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.38 to 0.75) | 0.001 |
| Ga/dangme | 197 | 61.9 | 0.33 (0.24 to 0.46) | 0.74 (0.47 to 1.15) | ||
| Ewe | 431 | 69.1 | 0.45 (0.35 to 0.59) | 0.60 (0.40 to 0.90) | ||
| Mole-dagomba | 1473 | 83.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Grusi | 223 | 79.8 | 0.80 (0.46 to 1.40) | 0.92 (0.53 to 1.62) | ||
| Gurma | 384 | 80.8 | 0.85 (0.60 to 1.22) | 0.75 (0.50 to 1.12) | ||
| Other | 493 | 79.5 | 0.78 (0.57 to 1.08) | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.40) | ||
| Household income‡ | ||||||
| Low income | 2794 | 77.6 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Middle income | 691 | 70.2 | 0.68 (0.55 to 0.84) | 0.95 (0.76 to 1.19) | ||
| High income | 970 | 58.7 | 0.41 (0.35 to 0.49) | 0.61 (0.50 to 0.75) | ||
| Region (ordered by poverty levels)‡ | ||||||
| Upper West region | 559 | 86.9 | 0.98 (0.69 to 1.40) | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.25) | ||
| Northern region | 965 | 87.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Upper East region | 496 | 85.0 | 0.84 (0.60 to 1.19) | 0.77 (0.52 to 1.14) | ||
| Volta region | 353 | 79.9 | 0.59 (0.40 to 0.85) | 0.90 (0.57 to 1.42) | ||
| Brong Ahafo region | 399 | 73.4 | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.57) | 0.65 (0.44 to 0.96) | ||
| Western region | 320 | 65.9 | 0.29 (0.21 to 0.40) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.35 to 0.81) | <0.001 |
| Central region | 361 | 62.7 | 0.25 (0.19 to 0.33) | 0.48 (0.33 to 0.72) | ||
| Eastern region | 306 | 60.7 | 0.23 (0.17 to 0.31) | 0.41 (0.27 to 0.60) | ||
| Ashanti region | 428 | 63.8 | 0.26 (0.19 to 0.36) | 0.49 (0.33 to 0.71) | ||
| Greater Accra region | 268 | 55.5 | 0.18 (0.14 to 0.25) | 0.38 (0.25 to 0.58) | ||
| Maternal/healthcare factors | ||||||
| Wanted last child§ | ||||||
| Wanted then | 2767 | 73.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.09 | |
| Wanted later | 1205 | 66.5 | 0.73 (0.62 to 0.86) | 0.001 | 0.83 (0.69 to 1.00) | |
| Wanted no more | 393 | 68.2 | 0.79 (0.61 to 1.01) | 0.81 (0.61 to 1.07) | ||
| Child factors | ||||||
| Birth order¶ | ||||||
| 1 | 738 | 62.2 | 0.53 (0.43 to 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.50 to 0.86) | 0.009 |
| 2–3 | 1365 | 67.8 | 0.68 (0.56 to 0.82) | 0.78 (0.62 to 0.98) | ||
| 4+ | 1768 | 75.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Region is ordered based on the 2017 regional poverty incidence from poorest to least poor.42
*Unweighted count.
†Weighted percentage.
‡Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, place of residence, ethnicity, maternal educational level, household income, region, paternal education and survey year (number of unweighted observations=6057).
§Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, ethnicity, household income, region, survey year, number of antenatal visits, place of delivery, person assisting in delivery, breastfeeding initiation and wanted last child (number of unweighted observations=5867).
¶Adjusted for maternal age, place of residence, ethnicity, region, survey year, place of delivery, sex of child, birth order, child size at birth, multiple births and previous birth interval (number of unweighted observations=5260).