Table 1

Summary of the characteristics of the studies included in the analysis

(Ref.) Study		Country	Design	Cohort size (n)	Setting	Mean age (years)	Sex (%) (male/female)	Immunodeficiency (%)	Prior antibiotics (%)	Reference standard*
(18)	Abdeldaim et al., 2009	Denmark	Prospective	142	Admission	63	Unknown	0	66	B
(19)	Athlin et al., 2017	Sweden	Unknown	141	Unknown	74 (median)	56/44	Unknown	Unknown	C
(20)	Briones et al., 2006	Spain	Prospective	911	Admission	66	64/36	0	Unknown	A
(21)	Burel et al., 2001	French	Unknown	91	Admission	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	A
(22)	Burgos et al., 2018	Spain	Prospective	219	Admission	67	63/37	Ratio unknown	Unknown	A
(23)	Butler et al., 2003	USA	Retrospective	147	Admission	45 (median)	70/30	0	0	A
(24)	Farina et al.,2002	Italy	Unknown	104	Admission	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	B
(25)	Fukushima et al., 2015	Japan	Unknown	112	Unknown	72/67 (male/female, median)	68/32	Unknown	0	D
(26)	Genné et al., 2006	Switzerland	Prospective	67	Admission	68	57/43	Unknown	0	B
(27)	Gutiérrez et al., 2003	Spain	Prospective	452	Mixed	57	63/37	Unknown	23	A
(28)	Sordé et al., 2011	Spain	Prospective	383	Admission	64	67/33	20	Unknown	A
(29)	Ikegame et al., 2017	Japan	Prospective	69	Admission	78	70	Unknown	Ratio unknown	A
(30)	Ishida et al., 2004	Japan	Prospective	349	Admission	65	65/35	Ratio unknown	55	A
(8)	Laijen et al., 2017	Netherlands	Retrospective	681	Admission	67	60/40	Ratio unknown	21	A
(31)	Lasocki et al., 2006	France	Retrospective	140	Admission	69 (Pneumonia, median)	66/34	Unknown	66	A
(9)	Lee et al., 2020	Korea	Retrospective	1257	Admission	73 (+UAT)	64/36 (+UAT)	0	Unknown	A
(32)	Marcos et al., 2003	Spain	Prospective	398	Admission	50	79/21	21 (HIV-1)	Ratio unknown	A
(10)	Molinos et al., 2015	Spain	Prospective	3135	Admission	66	65/35	0	Ratio unknown	A
(33)	Murdoch et al., 2001	New Zealand	Prospective	420	Admission	68 (median)	51/49	Ratio unknown	76	B
(34)	Strålin et al., 2004	Sweden	Prospective	215	Admission	71 (median)	53/47	Unknown	27	B
(35)	Tzeng et al., 2006	Taiwan	Retrospective	1243	Admission	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	A
(36)	Weatherall et al., 2008	Australia	Prospective	59	Mixed	79 (median)	56/44	0 (Neutropenia)	26	B
(37)	Zhou et al., 2018	China	Prospective	165	Mixed	48 (median)	57/43	0 (HIV)	67	B
(38)	Rosón et al., 2004	Spain	Prospective	220	Mixed	66	71/29	0	18	A
(39)	van Der Eerden et al., 2005	Netherlands	Prospective	262	Admission	64	54/46	0	26	B
(40)	Lauderdale et al., 2005	Taiwan	Prospective	168	Admission	56	64/36	1.2	16	A
(41)	Kobashi et al., 2007	Japan	Prospective	156	Admission	62	71/29	Unknown	45	A
(42)	del Mar García-Suárez et al., 2007	Spain	Prospective	268	Admission	60	64/36	Unknown	Unknown	A
(43)	Hohenthal et al., 2008	Finland	Prospective	333	Admission	50	52/48	0	31	C
(44)	Ercis et al., 2006	Turkey	Prospective	59	Mixed	18–86 (range)	64/36	6.8	15	B

*Reference standard test used: A, composite of blood culture, respiratory sample culture (or smear), and pleural culture; B, composite of blood culture, respiratory samples culture (or smear); C, blood culture alone; D, respiratory samples culture (or smear) alone.