Table 2

Factors associated with women’s decision-making power on food purchases, major household purchases, food preparation, children’s healthcare, their own healthcare and visiting family and relatives

Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Food purchaseMajor household purchaseFood preparationChildren’s healthcareOwn healthcareVisiting family and relativesAll issues*
Women’s current age in year
 <25
 25–301.14 (1.02 to 1.26)1.23 (1.11 to 1.35)1.32 (1.18 to 1.48)1.20 (1.08 to 1.33)1.17 (1.07 to 1.29)1.16 (1.06 to 1.28)1.19 (1.07 to 1.31)
 ≥301.93 (1.72 to 2.16)2.07 (1.85 to 2.31)2.12 (1.79 to 2.50)1.82 (1.62 to 2.06)1.80 (1.60 to 2.02)1.69 (1.49 to 1.92)1.97 (1.77 to 2.20)
Number of children
 1
 2–31.93 (1.73 to 2.15)1.90 (1.67 to 2.16)2.78 (2.45 to 3.15)1.81 (1.62 to 2.02)1.77 (1.58 to 1.97)1.57 (1.40 to 1.76)1.91 (1.65 to 2.20)
 4–52.74 (2.38 to 3.17)2.64 (2.26 to 3.08)5.96 (4.84 to 7.34)2.34 (2.02 to 2.72)2.24 (1.94 to 2.58)2.05 (1.78 to 2.35)2.65 (2.24 to 3.13)
 6+3.56 (2.92 to 4.34)3.99 (3.32 to 4.79)10.9 (7.76 to 15.4)3.24 (2.65 to 3.96)2.69 (2.22 to 3.26)2.64 (2.22 to 3.13)3.69 (3.00 to 4.53)
Visit from NGO health professionals
 No
 Yes1.27 (1.11 to 1.45)1.10 (0.93 to 1.29)†1.27 (1.11 to 1.45)1.42 (1.25 to 1.62)1.40 (1.22 to 1.61)1.35 (1.18 to 1.54)1.22 (1.04 to 1.43)
Experience of any domestic violence
 Yes
 No1.2 (1.08 to 1.32)1.40 (1.28 to 1.54)1.36 (1.18 to 1.55)1.44 (1.30 to 1.61)1.51 (1.36 to 1.67)1.58 (1.45 to 1.71)1.49 (1.37 to 1.63)
Educational level of women
 No schooling
 Primary incomplete1.16 (1.03 to 1.29)1.19 (1.05 to 1.35)1.17 (0.99 to 1.37)1.27 (1.13 to 1.43)1.27 (1.13 to 1.43)1.18 (1.05 to 1.33)1.20 (1.06 to 1.36)
 Primary complete1.19 (1.08 to 1.32)1.24 (1.08 to 1.41)1.25 (1.06 to 1.46)1.29 (1.13 to 1.46)1.27 (1.13 to 1.42)1.14 (1.01 to 1.28)1.21 (1.08 to 1.37)
Women earning activity
 Not involved
 Involved1.63 (1.38 to 1.93)2.04 (1.72 to 2.43)1.59 (1.28 to 1.97)1.76 (1.44 to 2.16)2.00 (1.62 to 2.46)1.37 (1.13 to 1.66)1.59 (1.34 to 1.87)
Educational level of HH head
 No schooling
 At least 1 year of formal education1.08 (1.00 to 1.16)1.12 (1.05 to 1.20)0.96 (0.87 to 1.06)†1.12 (1.03 to 1.23)1.06 (0.97 to 1.16)†1.09 (1.01 to 1.17)1.15 (1.07 to 1.24)
Sex of HH head
 Female
 Male1.04 (0.9 to 1.19)†1.13 (0.95 to 1.35)†2.10 (1.77 to 2.50)1.41 (1.20 to 1.65)1.26 (1.09 to 1.45)1.18 (1.00 to 1.38)1.01 (0.86 to 1.19)†
Age of HH head0.98 (0.97 to 0.98)0.98 (0.97 to 0.98)0.98 (0.97 to 0.98)0.98 (0.98 to 0.98)0.98 (0.98 to 0.98)0.98 (0.98 to 0.99)0.98 (0.97 to 0.98)
HH size0.78 (0.76 to 0.80)0.76 (0.74 to 0.78)0.69 (0.67 to 0.71)0.83 (0.81 to 0.84)0.84 (0.82 to 0.86)0.84 (0.83 to 0.86)0.78 (0.76 to 0.80)
HFIAS
 Food secure
 Mildly food insecure0.97 (0.81 to 1.16)†0.98 (0.84 to 1.14)†0.96 (0.81 to 1.13)†1.08 (0.93 to 1.25)†0.98 (0.85 to 1.13)†0.98 (0.86 to 1.12)†0.93 (0.78 to 1.11)†
 Moderately food insecure1.01 (0.87 to 1.18)†0.92 (0.79 to 1.06)†1.04 (0.90 to 1.19)†0.94 (0.81 to 1.10)†0.85 (0.73 to 0.99)0.88 (0.78 to 0.98)0.93 (0.80 to 1.07)†
 Severely food insecure0.84 (0.72 to 0.99)0.82 (0.69 to 0.97)0.70 (0.58 to 0.85)0.95 (0.80 to 1.13)†0.9 (0.75 to 1.08)†0.93 (0.80 to 1.09)†0.84 (0.71 to 0.99)
Asset index
 Fifth quintile
 Fourth quintile1.07 (0.94 to 1.21)†1.10 (0.99 to 1.24)†1.27 (1.07 to 1.51)1.02 (0.91 to 1.15)†1.04 (0.92 to 1.17)†1.08 (0.96 to 1.22)†1.04 (0.92 to 1.17)†
 Third quintile1.07 (0.95 to 1.21)†1.14 (1.01 to 1.28)1.34 (1.15 to 1.55)1.04 (0.91 to 1.18)†1.05 (0.94 to 1.17)†1.07 (0.96 to 1.20)†1.10 (0.97 to 1.24)†
 Second quintile1.09 (0.97 to 1.22)†1.15 (1.01 to 1.32)1.35 (1.17 to 1.56)1.08 (0.95 to 1.22)†1.07 (0.95 to 1.20)†1.15 (1.02 to 1.29)1.05 (0.92 to 1.20)†
 First quintile1.15 (1.00 to 1.32)1.25 (1.10 to 1.42)1.62 (1.31 to 1.99)1.01 (0.87 to 1.18)†1.06 (0.93 to 1.22)†1.21 (1.06 to 1.39)1.21 (1.06 to 1.38)
HH have any loans
 No
 Yes1.18 (1.08 to 1.30)1.17 (1.07 to 1.28)1.53 (1.36 to 1.73)1.30 (1.16 to 1.44)1.25 (1.12 to 1.39)1.11 (0.98 to 1.26)†1.10 (0.98 to 1.23)†
Involved with aquaculture
 No
 Yes1.06 (0.91 to 1.24)†0.81 (0.68 to 0.98)1.17 (0.93 to 1.46)†1.26 (1.05 to 1.51)1.18 (1.00 to 1.40)†1.11 (0.94 to 1.32)†0.86 (0.70 to 1.06)†
Involved with horticulture
 No
 Yes1.33 (1.21 to 1.47)1.38 (1.23 to 1.53)1.03 (0.92 to 1.15)†1.16 (1.04 to 1.29)1.22 (1.09 to 1.36)1.15 (1.03 to 1.3)1.33 (1.18 to 1.50)
Got any support from HH members
 Yes
 No1.03 (0.84 to 1.27)†1.09 (0.87 to 1.35)†1.25 (0.92 to 1.70)†1.24 (0.97 to 1.58)†1.20 (0.94 to 1.52)†1.35 (1.07 to 1.71)1.22 (0.97 to 1.52)†
Coping strategy
 No
 Yes1.01 (0.90 to 1.14)†1.06 (0.95 to 1.18)†0.92 (0.81 to 1.05)†0.98 (0.87 to 1.11)†1.01 (0.90 to 1.13)†0.98 (0.88 to 1.08)†1.15 (1.03 to 1.29)
Whether the incidents occurred in last 1 year
 No
 Yes1.26 (1.09 to 1.45)1.12 (0.98 to 1.28)†1.11 (0.96 to 1.27)†1.05 (0.89 to 1.23)†1.00 (0.87 to 1.16)†1.08 (0.94 to 1.24)†1.06 (0.93 to1.22)†

  • The analyses were done using pooled data (baseline and endline).

  • *On positive responses for all six indicators, the variable was converted into binary form (if all were yes then composite variable=1 otherwise composite variable=0).

  • †Not statistically significant at 5% level; union was used for as a cluster.

  • HFIAS, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale; NGO, non-government organisation.