Fixed and random effect analyses of the association between healthcare decision making and cervical cancer screening
| Variable | Model O | Model I AOR (95% CI) | Model II AOR (95% CI) | Model III AOR (95% CI) |
| Fixed effect model | ||||
| Women’s healthcare decision making | ||||
| Husband or partner/someone/others | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Respondent alone | 1.66** (1.44 to 1.90) | 1.66** (1.44 to 1.91) | ||
| Respondent and husband/partner | 1.38*** (1.19 to 1.59) | 1.38*** (1.19 to 1.59) | ||
| Women’s age (years) | ||||
| 15–19 | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| 20–24 | 1.39 (0.89 to 2.18) | 1.32 (0.84 to 2.07) | ||
| 25–29 | 2.25*** (1.45 to 3.50) | 2.08** (1.33 to 3.26) | ||
| 30–34 | 3.20*** (2.03 to 5.05) | 2.89*** (1.82 to 4.60) | ||
| 35–39 | 4.06*** (2.58 to 6.40) | 3.66*** (2.30 to 5.80) | ||
| 40–44 | 5.28*** (3.31 to 8.45) | 4.73*** (2.94 to 7.59) | ||
| 45–49 | 5.82*** (3.57 to 9.50) | 5.18*** (3.15 to 8.52) | ||
| Educational level | ||||
| No education | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Primary | 1.51** (1.17 to 1.95) | 1.47** (1.14 to 1.90) | ||
| Secondary | 1.65*** (1.28 to 2.12) | 1.51** (1.18 to 1.95) | ||
| Higher | 2.45*** (1.81 to 3.30) | 2.13*** (1.57 to 2.88) | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Cohabiting | 0.79*** (0.69 to 0.91) | 0.79***(0.69 to 0.91) | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Christianity | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Islamic | 0.40*** (0.31 to 0.53) | 0.38*** (0.29 to 0.51) | ||
| African Traditional | 0.21*** (0.09 to 0.53) | 0.21***(0.09 to 0.53) | ||
| No religion | 0.59** (0.40 to 0.86) | 0.61** (0.42 to 0.88) | ||
| Others | 2.21*** (1.66 to 2.96) | 2.11*** (1.57 to 2.82) | ||
| Current working status | ||||
| No | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Yes | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.19) | 1.05 (0.94 to 1.18) | ||
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| 1 | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.19) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.21) | ||
| 2 | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.25) | 1.02 (0.80 to 1.29) | ||
| 3 | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.16) | 0.96 (0.76 to 1.22) | ||
| 4 or more | 0.64*** (0.50 to 0.82) | 0.70** (0.55 to 0.89) | ||
| Heard of cervical cancer | ||||
| No | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Yes | 32.05*** (19.60 to 52.41) | 32.74*** (20.02 to 53.55) | ||
| Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | ||||
| Not at all | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.56*** (1.37 to 1.79) | 1.55***(1.35 to 1.77) | ||
| At least once a week | 2.19*** (1.89 to 2.53) | 2.11***(1.83 to 2.44) | ||
| Frequency of listening to radio | ||||
| Not at all | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.31) | 1.12 (0.95 to 1.31) | ||
| At least once a week | 1.32*** 1.16 to 1.50) | 1.35*** (1.18 to 1.52) | ||
| Frequency of watching television | ||||
| Not at all | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.23) | 0.94 (0.80 to 1.10) | ||
| At least once a week | 1.27***(1.13 to 1.43) | 1.00 (0.87 to 1.15) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Poorer | 1.82***(1.45 to 2.28) | 1.18 (0.95 to 1.46) | ||
| Middle | 2.22***(1.77 to 2.80) | 1.11 (0.89 to 1.38) | ||
| Richer | 3.51***(2.77 to 4.45) | 1.30* (1.03 to 1.63) | ||
| Richest | 6.94***(5.39 to 8.94) | 1.55***(1.20 to 2.00) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
| Rural | 0.93 (0.78 to 1.10) | 0.81** (0.69 to 0.95) | ||
| Random effect model | ||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.50 (0.41 to 0.60) | 0.28 (0.22 to 0.36) | 0.44 (0.35 to 0.55) | 0.26 (0.20 to 0.34) |
| ICC | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
| Wald χ2 | Reference | 1317.39*** | 389.45*** | 1339.88*** |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log-likelihood | −11 169.99 | −8800.55 | −10 594.44 | −8768.79 |
| AIC | 22 344 | 17 661.1 | 21 202.89 | 17 607.57 |
| N | 28 457 | 28 457 | 28 457 | 28 457 |
| Number of clusters | 1480 | 1480 | 1480 | 1480 |
Exponentiated coefficients; 95% CIs in brackets.
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
1, reference category; AIC, Akaike’s information criterion; AOR, adjusted OR; ICC, intraclass correlation; PSU, primary sampling unit.