Benin* | India* | Malawi* | |
Planning | $ 0.10 | $ 0.04 | $ 0.01 |
Supportive (financial) | $ 0.10 | $ 0.04 | $ 0.01 |
Programme management | $ 0.63 | $ 0.40 | $ 0.50 |
Routine (financial) | $ 0.28 | $ 0.16 | $ 0.15 |
Routine (opportunity)—time costs for government staff† | $ 0.01 | – | < $ 0.01 |
Supportive (financial) | $ 0.34 | $ 0.24 | $ 0.35 |
Community sensitisation | $ 0.24 | $ 0.17 | $ 0.17 |
Routine (financial) | $ 0.11 | $ 0.02 | $ 0.06 |
Routine (opportunity)—time costs for government staff and volunteers | $ 0.01 | < $ 0.01 | $ 0.04 |
Supportive (financial)—additional sensitisation activities | $ 0.01 | < $ 0.01 | $ 0.01 |
Supportive (financial)—NGO supervision | $ 0.11 | $ 0.14 | $ 0.06 |
Training | $ 0.34 | $ 0.11 | $ 0.26 |
Routine (financial) | $ 0.12 | $ 0.01 | $ 0.07 |
Routine (opportunity)—time costs for government staff and volunteers | $ 0.02 | $ 0.03 | $ 0.02 |
Supportive (financial)—training of electronic data collectors | $ 0.11 | $ 0.05 | $ 0.05 |
Supportive (financial)—NGO supervision and training support | $ 0.08 | $ 0.02 | $ 0.11 |
Drug delivery | $ 1.13 | $ 0.46 | $ 1.32 |
Routine (financial) | $ 0.36 | $ 0.07 | $ 0.20 |
Routine (opportunity)—time costs for government staff and volunteers | $ 0.15 | $ 0.11 | $ 0.18 |
Routine (opportunity)—donated drugs | $ 0.05 | $ 0.01 | $ 0.05 |
Supportive (financial)—electronic data capture | $ 0.29 | $ 0.19 | $ 0.31 |
Supportive (financial)—NGO supervision | $ 0.27 | $ 0.07 | $ 0.58 |
Average unit costs‡ | $ 2.45 | $ 1.17 | $ 2.26 |
Routine (financial) | $ 0.87 | $ 0.26 | $ 0.48 |
Routine (opportunity) | $ 0.26 | $ 0.16 | $ 0.30 |
Supportive (financial) | $ 1.32 | $ 0.75 | $ 1.48 |
Note: Dashes (–) represent situations where no costs were observed. Total economic costs are presented, as well as a breakdown of costs by routine versus. supportive activities, and financial vs. opportunity costs.
The bolded costs represent the sum of the indented routine and supportive costs below them. The italicized values summarize total costs from the table.
*Analysis includes 2 years of cMDA. As cMDA was conducted bi-annually in each country, results are presented as the average across four rounds.
†Government staff include supervisory and implementing staff whose salaries are paid by the ministry of health. Examples include: nurses and health officers, HSAs (Malawi only), as well as national and subnational government officials involved in the programme.
‡Routine and supportive activities and related resources are described in online supplemental appendix 2. Financial costs represent actual expenditure on goods and services purchased by the government or NGO implementing partner. Opportunity costs, on the other hand, include costs forgone by using a resource in a particular way. These opportunity costs recognise and value the cost of using resources, as these resources are then unavailable for productive use elsewhere. Opportunity costs in this analysis include: costs of donated albendazole, volunteer time spent on the project (such as volunteer drug distributors) and estimated government staff salary costs.
cMDA, community-wide mass drug administration ; HSA, Health Surveillance Assistant; NGO, non-governmental organisation.