Authors, year | Location | Subpopulation | n | nAAS | nPhys n (%) |
Yesalis et al 75 1988 | USA | Strength athletes | 45 | 15 M | 8 (53.33) |
Johnson et al 76 1989 | USA | Adolescents | 853 | 95 M | 28 (29.47) |
Kisling et al 77 1989 | Denmark | Non-specific | 157 | 85 M | 21 (24.71) |
Lindström et al 78 1990 | Sweden | Strength athletes | 138 | 138 M | 12 (8.70) |
Terney and McLain67 1990 | USA | Adolescents | 2113 | 94 (67 M/27 F) | 5 (5.32) |
Tanner et al 68 1995 | USA | Adolescents | 6930 | 184 (139 M/45 F) | 33 (17.93) |
Korkia and Stimson79 1997 | UK | Non-specific | 1667 | 110 (97 M/13 F) | 39 (35.45) |
Bolding et al 80 1999 | UK | Non-specific | 1004 | 81 M | 25 (30.86) |
Augé and Augé 43 1999 | USA | Strength athletes | 17 | 17 (14 M/3 F) | 8 (47.05) |
Peters et al 81 1999 | Australia | Non-specific | 100 | 100 (94 M/6 F) | 42 (42.00) |
Perry et al 82 2005 | USA | Strength athletes | 207 | 207* | 46 (22.22) |
Parkinson and Evans83 2005 | Trans-region | Non-specific | 500 | 500 (494 M/6 F) | 185 (37.00) |
Pope et al 7 2004 | USA | Strength athletes | 80 | 43 M | 16 (37.21) |
Striegel et al 56 2006 | Germany | Non-specific | 621 | 84 (75 M/9 F) | 47 (55.95) |
Cohen et al 84 2007 | USA | Non-specific | 1955 | 1955 M | 1290 (65.98) |
Al-Falasi et al 85 2008 | UAE | Non-specific | 154 | 34 M | 4 (11.76) |
Larance et al 86 2008 | Australia | Non-specific | 60 | 60 M | 46 (76.66) |
Posiadała et al 57 2010 | Poland | Non-specific | 50 | 18 M | 2 (11.11) |
Gradidge et al 87 2011 | South Africa | Adolescents | 100 | 4 M | 1 (25.00) |
Ip et al 88 2011 | Trans-region | Non-specific | 1277 | 506 M | 387 (76.48) |
Santos et al 89 2011 | Brazil | Strength athletes | 123 | 41 M | 4 (9.76) |
Hope et al 23 2013 | UK | NSP clients | 395 | 395 M | 178 (45.06) |
Raschka et al 55 2013 | Germany | Non-specific | 484 | 79 (62 M/ 17 F) | 30 (37.97) |
Rowe et al 62 2016 | Australia | NSP clients | 605 | 605 M | 382 (63.14) |
Westerman et al 90 2016 | Transregion | Non-specific | 231 | 231 M | 153 (66.23) |
Mooney et al 91 2017 | UK | Non-specific | 377 | 26* | 1 (3.85) |
Zahnow et al 19 2017 | Transregion | Non-specific | 195 | 195* | 68 (34.87) |
Althobiti et al 92 2018 | Saudi Arabia | Non-specific | 4860 | 476 M | 181 (38.00) |
Hill and Waring13 2019 | UK | Strength athletes | 350 | 216* | 91 (42.00) |
Jacka et al 41 2019 | Australia | Non-specific | 267 | 267 M | 237 (88.76) |
Macedo et al 93 2019 | Brazil | Non-specific | 40 | 25 M | 9 (36.00) |
Pany et al 94 2019 | India | Strength athletes | 74 | 74 M | 24 (32.43) |
Pereira et al 95 2019 | Brazil | Non-specific | 719 | 194 (149 M/45 F) | 117 (60.31) |
Uddin et al 40 2019 | Pakistan | Non-specific | 841 | 512 M | 9 (1.76) |
Bonnecaze et al 72 2020 | Transregion | Non-specific | 2385 | 2385 M | 1047 (43.90) |
Jokipalo and Khudayarov96 2021 | Finland | Strength athletes | 50 | 50 (42 M/8 F) | 15 (30.0) |
*Sex of AAS users not informed.
AAS, androgenic-anabolic steroids; F, females; M, males; nAAS, number of AAS users in each study; nPhys, number of AAS users who informed seeking support from physicians; NSP, needle and syringe exchange programme.