Risk ratio (RR) for birth defects and neonatal morbidity after exposure to antipsychotics
| Infant outcomes | Exposed during pregnancy N=2677 | Exposed before/after but not during pregnancy N=34 492 | Never exposed N=1 262 047 | Exposed vs never exposed | Exposed infants vs infants to mothers treated with antipsychotics before or after the pregnancy | ||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Crude RR | 95% CI | Adjusted RR | 95% CI | Crude RR | 95% CI | Adjusted RR | 95% CI | |
| Any birth defect* | 64/2378 (2.7) | 27 122 (2.1) | 822 (2.4) | 1.3 | 1.0 to 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.8 to 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9 to 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 to 1.4 |
| Any heart defect* | 23/2378 (1.0) | 9644 (0.8) | 304 (0.9) | 1.3 | 0.8 to 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 to 1.6 |
| Admission to NICU | 516 (19.3) | 4010 (11.6) | 98 976 (7.8) | 2.5 | 2.3 to 2.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 to 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.5 to 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.3 to 1.5 |
| Respiratory symptoms | |||||||||||
| Transient tachypnoea of the newborn | 185 (6.9) | 1406 (4.1) | 34 204 (2.7) | 2.5 | 2.2 to 2.9 | 1.6 | 1.4 to 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.5 to 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.2 to 1.7 |
| Persistent pulmonary hypertension | 27 (1.0) | 209 (0.6) | 4581 (0.4) | 2.8 | 1.9 to 4.1 | 2.1 | 1.4 to 3.1 | 1.7 | 1.1 to 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.0 to 2.2 |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 21 (0.8) | 296 (0.9) | 6671 (0.5) | 1.5 | 1.0 to 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.7 to 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 to 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 to 1.4 |
| Respiratory treatment | |||||||||||
| CPAP | 168 (6.3) | 1276 (3.7) | 29 977 (2.4) | 2.7 | 2.3 to 3.1 | 1.7 | 1.4 to 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.5 to 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.2 to 1.7 |
| Ventilator treatment | 22 (0.8) | 299 (0.9) | 6811 (0.5) | 1.5 | 1.0 to 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 to 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 to 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.6 to 1.4 |
| Hyperbilirubinaemia | 169 (6.3) | 1819 (5.3) | 54 563 (4.3) | 1.5 | 1.3 to 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.1 to 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.0 to 1.4† | 1.1 | 1.0 to 1.3 |
| Hypoglycaemia | 133 (5.0) | 1090 (3.2) | 28 117 (2.2) | 2.2 | 1.9 to 2.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 to 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.3 to 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.1 to 1.5 |
| Feeding difficulties | 75 (2.8) | 558 (1.6) | 14 147 (1.1) | 2.5 | 2.0 to 3.1 | 1.8 | 1.4 to 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.4 to 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.2 to 2.0 |
| Neurological disorders | 47 (1.8) | 186 (0.5) | 3821 (0.3) | 5.8 | 4.4 to 7.7 | 3.4 | 2.5 to 4.7 | 3.3 | 2.4 to 4.5 | 2.3 | 1.6 to 3.3 |
| Withdrawal symptoms from therapeutic drugs | 34 (1.3) | 82 (0.2) | 153 (0.0) | 105 | 72.4 to 152 | 17.7 | 9.6 to 32.6 | 5.3 | 3.6 to 8.0 | 3.3 | 2.1 to 5.3 |
Adjusted for: primipara, age, body mass index, smoking, caesarean section and concurrent neurotropic drugs.
*Exposures are only counted if present in early pregnancy (n=2378).
†P<0.05.
CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.