Frequency (%) distribution of ever-married women by their children ever born (CEB) along with p value of the χ2 test
| Variables | BDHS 2014 | BDHS 2017–2018 | ||||
| n (%) by CEB | P value | n (%) by CEB | P value | |||
| 1 or 2 | 3 or more | 1 or 2 | 3 or more | |||
| Age at first marriage | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <18 | 5707 (52.6) | 5152 (47.4) | 6329 (53.0) | 5603 (47.0) | ||
| 18 and above | 2302 (70.6) | 958 (29.4) | 2894 (72.5) | 1098 (27.5) | ||
| Age at first birth | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤20 | 6207 (53.3) | 5444 (46.7) | 6891 (53.6) | 5960 (46.4) | ||
| >20 | 1802 (73.0) | 666 (27.0) | 2332 (75.9) | 741 (24.1) | ||
| Division | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Dhaka | 1458 (59.6) | 990 (40.4) | 1459 (62.8) | 864 (37.2) | ||
| Barisal | 921 (53.0) | 818 (47.0) | 955 (54.5) | 797 (45.5) | ||
| Chittagong | 1179 (50.9) | 1139 (49.1) | 1198 (51.5) | 1130 (48.5) | ||
| Khulna | 1276 (63.3) | 739 (36.7) | 1353 (65.0) | 729 (35.0) | ||
| Rajshahi | 1268 (63.3) | 735 (36.7) | 1288 (64.0) | 725 (36.0) | ||
| Rangpur | 1178 (59.3) | 809 (40.7) | 1174 (59.9) | 787 (40.1) | ||
| Sylhet | 729 (45.3) | 880 (54.7) | 851 (49.7) | 860 (50.3) | ||
| Mymensingh | - | - | 945 (53.9) | 809 (46.1) | ||
| Place of residence | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Rural | 4948 (52.8) | 4416 (47.2) | 5509 (54.3) | 4645 (45.7) | ||
| Urban | 3061 (64.4) | 1694 (35.6) | 3714 (64.4) | 2056 (35.6) | ||
| Religion | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-Muslim | 872 (65.8) | 453 (34.2) | 1111 (69.8) | 480 (30.2) | ||
| Muslim | 7137 (55.8) | 5657 (44.2) | 8112 (56.6) | 6221 (43.4) | ||
| Household headship | 0.416 | 0.511 | ||||
| Female | 757 (57.8) | 553 (42.2) | 1105 (58.6) | 780 (41.4) | ||
| Male | 7252 (56.6) | 5557 (43.4) | 8118 (57.8) | 5921 (42.2) | ||
| Women education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No education | 893 (28.1) | 2288 (71.9) | 608 (25.5) | 1773 (74.5) | ||
| Primary | 2032 (48.1) | 2193 (51.9) | 2337 (45.4) | 2813 (54.6) | ||
| Secondary | 3954 (72.7) | 1488 (27.3) | 4487 (70.8) | 1851 (29.2) | ||
| Higher | 1130 (88.9) | 141 (11.1) | 1791 (87.2) | 264 (12.8) | ||
| Husband education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No education | 1515 (38.4) | 2429 (61.6) | 1224 (35.8) | 2191 (64.2) | ||
| Primary | 2157 (54.2) | 1820 (45.8) | 2735 (53.6) | 2369 (46.1) | ||
| Secondary | 2732 (66.9) | 1354 (33.1) | 3145 (66.9) | 1553 (33.1) | ||
| Higher | 1605 (76.0) | 507 (24.0) | 2119 (78.3) | 588 (21.7) | ||
| Husband desire more child | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 7252 (58.2) | 5213 (41.8) | 8404 (59.9) | 5616 (40.1) | ||
| Yes | 757 (45.8) | 897 (54.2) | 819 (43.0) | 1085 (57.0) | ||
| Women empowerment | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 5927 (57.6) | 4356 (42.4) | 7848 (58.8) | 5501 (41.2) | ||
| Yes | 2082 (54.3) | 1754 (45.7) | 1375 (53.4) | 1200 (46.6) | ||
| Contraceptive use | <0.001 | 0.654 | ||||
| No | 2786 (54.2) | 2352 (45.8) | 3291 (58.2) | 2368 (41.8) | ||
| Yes | 5223 (58.2) | 3758 (41.8) | 5932 (57.8) | 4333 (42.2) | ||
| Wealth index | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Poor | 2527 (48.3) | 2702 (51.7) | 3060 (50.3) | 3027 (49.7) | ||
| Middle | 1570 (54.7) | 1298 (45.3) | 1776 (57.2) | 1327 (42.8) | ||
| Rich | 3912 (65.0) | 2110 (35.0) | 4387 (65.1) | 2347 (34.9) | ||
| Exposure of media | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-exposure | 3108 (46.9) | 3518 (53.1) | 3453 (48.1) | 3729 (51.9) | ||
| Exposure | 4901 (65.4) | 2592 (34.6) | 5770 (66.0) | 2972 (34.0) | ||
| NGO membership | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 6167 (59.0) | 4292 (41.0) | ||||
| Yes | 1842 (50.3) | 1818 (49.7) | – | – | – | |
BDHS, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys ; NGO, non-government organisation.