Estimates (Est.), standard errors (SE), P-value and odds ratio (OR) along with 95% CI for OR obtained from fitting the mixed logistic regression model to children ever born clustered data in Bangladesh
| Variable | BDHS 2014 | BDHS 2017–2018 | ||||||||
| Est. | SE | P value | OR | 95% CI | Est. | SE | P value | OR | 95% CI | |
| Constant | 0.555 | 0.110 | <0.001 | 1.74 | (1.403 to 2.161) | 0.881 | 0.110 | <0.001 | 2.41 | (1.946 to 2.993) |
| Age at first marriage | ||||||||||
| <18 (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 18 and above | −0.303 | 0.057 | <0.001 | 0.74 | (0.661 to 0.826) | −0.299 | 0.054 | <0.001 | 0.74 | (0.666 to 0.825) |
| Age at first birth | ||||||||||
| ≤20 (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| >20 | −0.484 | 0.064 | <0.001 | 0.62 | (0.544 to 0.698) | −0.616 | 0.060 | <0.001 | 0.54 | (0.480 to 0.607) |
| Division | ||||||||||
| Dhaka (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Barisal | 0.425 | 0.092 | <0.001 | 1.53 | (1.278 to 1.832) | 0.404 | 0.093 | <0.001 | 1.50 | (1.248 to 1.798) |
| Chittagong | 0.53 | 0.084 | <0.001 | 1.70 | (1.442 to 2.003) | 0.624 | 0.085 | <0.001 | 1.87 | (1.579 to 2.205) |
| Khulna | −0.154 | 0.088 | 0.078 | 0.86 | (0.772 to 1.018) | −0.045 | 0.088 | 0.61 | 0.96 | (0.804 to 1.137) |
| Rajshahi | −0.218 | 0.088 | 0.013 | 0.80 | (0.678 to 0.955) | −0.187 | 0.089 | 0.036 | 0.83 | (0.696 to 0.988) |
| Rangpur | −0.044 | 0.089 | 0.622 | 0.96 | (0.804 to 1.139) | 0.108 | 0.091 | 0.236 | 1.11 | (0.932 to 1.333) |
| Sylhet | 0.547 | 0.093 | <0.001 | 1.73 | (1.440 to 2.075) | 0.548 | 0.093 | <0.001 | 1.73 | (1.441 to 2.077) |
| Mymensingh | – | – | – | – | – | 0.273 | 0.093 | 0.003 | 1.31 | (1.096 to 1.576) |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| Rural (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Urban | −0.275 | 0.056 | <0.001 | 0.76 | (0.681 to 0.848) | −0.238 | 0.052 | <0.001 | 0.79 | (0.712 to 0.872) |
| Religion | ||||||||||
| Non-Muslim (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Muslim | 0.332 | 0.077 | <0.001 | 1.39 | (1.199 to 1.620) | 0.385 | 0.072 | <0.001 | 1.47 | (1.277 to 1.690) |
| Women education | ||||||||||
| No education (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Primary | −0.896 | 0.055 | <0.001 | 0.41 | (0.366 to 0.455) | −0.840 | 0.059 | <0.001 | 0.43 | (0.384 to 0.485) |
| Secondary | −1.962 | 0.063 | <0.001 | 0.14 | (0.124 to 0.159) | −1.854 | 0.064 | <0.001 | 0.16 | (0.138 to 0.178) |
| Higher | −2.907 | 0.121 | <0.001 | 0.05 | (0.043 to 0.069) | −2.610 | 0.102 | <0.001 | 0.07 | (0.060 to 0.090) |
| Husband education | ||||||||||
| No education (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Primary | −0.265 | 0.053 | <0.001 | 0.77 | (0.692 to 0.852) | −0.364 | 0.052 | <0.001 | 0.70 | (0.628 to 0.769) |
| Secondary | −0.346 | 0.060 | <0.001 | 0.71 | (0.629 to 0.795) | −0.603 | 0.058 | <0.001 | 0.55 | (0.488 to 0.613) |
| Higher | 0.078 | 0.085 | 0.356 | 1.08 | (0.916 to 1.277) | −0.379 | 0.080 | <0.001 | 0.68 | (0.585 to 0.800) |
| Husband desire more child | ||||||||||
| No (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.377 | 0.061 | <0.001 | 1.46 | (1.295 to 1.641) | 0.468 | 0.057 | <0.001 | 1.60 | (1.428 to 1.784) |
| Women empowerment | ||||||||||
| No (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.215 | 0.045 | <0.001 | 1.24 | (1.136 to 1.353) | 0.171 | 0.050 | <0.001 | 1.19 | (1.075 to 1.310) |
| Wealth index | ||||||||||
| Poor (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Middle | 0.281 | 0.057 | <0.001 | 1.32 | (1.184 to 1.481) | 0.224 | 0.054 | <0.001 | 1.25 | (1.125 to 1.392) |
| Rich | 0.444 | 0.063 | <0.001 | 1.56 | (1.379 to 1.764) | 0.473 | 0.057 | <0.001 | 1.61 | (1.435 to 1.796) |
| Exposure of media | ||||||||||
| Non exposure (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Exposure | −0.268 | 0.049 | <0.001 | 0.77 | (0.695 to 0.842) | −0.349 | 0.044 | <0.001 | 0.71 | (0.647 to 0.768) |
| NGO membership | ||||||||||
| No (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.310 | 0.046 | <0.001 | 1.36 | (1.247 to 1.492) | |||||
| Contraceptive use | ||||||||||
| No (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.083 | 0.042 | 0.046 | 1.09 | (1.001 to 1.179) | – | – | – | – | – |
Note: OR=1 for the reference category.
BDHS, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys; Est, Estimates; NGO, non-government organisation.