Characteristic | No of studies | References |
Country | ||
Australia | N=4 | 62–64 66 |
Canada | N=5 | 53–57 |
China | N=1 | 65 |
Ethiopia | N=1 | 68 |
Mexico | N=1 | 69 |
The Netherlands | N=1 | 48 |
New Zealand | N=1 | 58 |
Northern Ireland | N=1 | 59 |
Portugal | N=1 | 60 |
UK | N=6 | 47–52 |
USA | N=7 | 40–46 |
Study design | ||
Qualitative study | N=6 | 48 52 54 57 59 60 |
Mixed-method study | N=10 | 42–46 51 53 55 56 58 |
Process evaluation | N=3 | 47 49 68 |
(Quasi)-experimental study design | N=9 | 40 41 50 62–67 |
Type of stakeholder in the living lab approach | ||
Patients and the public | N=23 | 40–46 48–55 57–60 62–65 |
Providers | N=17 | 42 44 47–49 51–58 60 63 66 67 |
Purchasers | N=0 | N/A* |
Payers | N=0 | N/A |
Policy makers | N=1 | 68 |
Product makers | N=0 | N/A |
Principal investigators | N=4 | 49 57–59 |
Living lab component | ||
User-centric | N=10 | 40 41 43 46 48 52 54 60 66 67 |
Cocreation | N=25 | 40–42 44–51 53 55–60 62–68 |
Real-life context | N=8 | 41 46 47 52–54 62 68 |
Test innovation | N=4 | 46 52 62 66 |
Open innovation | N=0 | N/A |
Phase of innovation | ||
Development | N=21 | 40–42 44 47–49 51 53 55 57–60 62–68 |
Implementation | N=11 | 43 45 49 50 52 54 56–60 |
Evaluation | N=10 | 42–45 48–50 54–56 |
No of cocreation steps in the living lab | ||
Two cocreation steps | N=8 | 42 51 54 55 58 62 68 69 |
Three cocreation steps | N=5 | 46 56 57 59 60 |
Five cocreation steps | N=4 | 41 49 64 66 |
None stated | N=12 | 40 43–45 47 48 50 52 53 63 65 67 |
Implementation outcome† | ||
Acceptability | N=22 | 42–44 46 47 49–55 57–59 62–68 |
Adoption | N=5 | 40 47 48 60 68 |
Appropriateness | N=1 | 51 |
Feasibility | N=17 | 42–46 49 50 52–55 58 59 63 65–67 |
Fidelity | N=4 | 40 45 56 68 |
Implementation cost | N=2 | 40 56 |
Penetration | N=1 | 40 |
Sustainability | N=4 | 40 49 57 64 |
*N/A means not available.
†For the implementation outcome it was possible to have multiple outcomes reported for one study.