Factors affecting food security in the pre-lockdown period* (N=1713)
| Food insecurity | OR | P value | 95% CI |
| PDS beneficiary | |||
| Yes† | |||
| No | 1.04 | 0.75 | 0.80 to 1.35 |
| Land owned (acres) | 1.00 | 0.24 | 1.00 to 1.00 |
| Household size | 0.96 | 0.13 | 0.90 to 1.01 |
| Household head education status | |||
| Literate† | |||
| Illiterate | 1.41 | 0.01 | 1.08 to 1.83 |
| Age (years) | 0.99 | 0.18 | 0.98 to 1.00 |
| Income shock | |||
| Positive or none†§ | |||
| Negative | 6.41 | <0.001 | 4.97 to 8.27 |
| Employment category | |||
| Casual labour† | |||
| Regular salaried | 0.65 | 0.02 | 0.45 to 0.94 |
| Self-employed in agriculture | 0.69 | 0.02 | 0.51 to 0.95 |
| Self-employed in non-agriculture | 0.77 | 0.26 | 0.49 to 1.21 |
| MPCE categories‡ | |||
| Quintile 1† | |||
| Quintile 2 | 0.89 | 0.55 | 0.61 to 1.31 |
| Quintile 3 | 0.85 | 0.40 | 0.58 to 1.24 |
| Quintile 4 | 0.63 | 0.02 | 0.42 to 0.94 |
| Quintile 5 | 0.66 | 0.05 | 0.43 to 1.00 |
*Analysis using logistic regression.
†Reference category.
‡Monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) quintiles as a proxy for income quintile.
§Positive or no economic shocks includes found a job, hike in salary and received food and money as gift, whereas negative economic shock includes business closures, mass layoffs, price increase of commodities, job loss, wage cuts, loss of remittances, low rate for produce to be sold at market price, indebtedness and crop failure.
PDS, public distribution system.