Responses to tobacco health warnings and attitudes to smoking by data collection time (for all participants and excluding participants unexposed to new warnings at time 2)
| Time 1 (n=1985) | Time 1 vs time 2—including all participants at Time 2 | Time 1 vs time 2—only including participants exposed to new warnings at time 2 | |||||||
| Time 2 (n=1572) | T value | Df* | P value | Time 2 (n=910) | T | Df* | P value | ||
| Responses to warnings on packs | |||||||||
| Negative affect | 41 (27) | 38 (26) | 3.03 | 3411 | <0.001 | 38 (26) | 3.35 | 2893 | <0.001 |
| Thinking about warning messages | 31 (26) | 28 (25) | 3.28 | 3454 | <0.001 | 27 (25) | 3.28 | 1880 | <0.001 |
| Cognitive elaboration | 46 (31) | 42 (29) | 3.54 | 3432 | <0.001 | 42 (29) | 3.59 | 1867 | <0.001 |
| Knowledge of health risks (overall) | 73 (17) | 74 (16) | −1.78 | 3443 | 0.08 | 76 (17) | −3.91 | 2893 | <0.001 |
| Lose your baby† | 85 (22) | 85 (21) | −0.59 | 3470 | 0.56 | 87 (20) | −2.24 | 1979 | 0.03 |
| Smoking causes pancreatic cancer | 68 (29) | 70 (27) | −2.2 | 3555 | 0.03 | 72 (28) | −3.53 | 2893 | <0.001 |
| Secondhand smoke is deadly | 74 (27) | 73 (26) | 1.2 | 3555 | 0.23 | 74 (26) | 0.41 | 2893 | 0.68 |
| Smoking damages your heart | 83 (21) | 83 (20) | −0.03 | 3555 | 0.98 | 84 (20) | −0.9 | 2893 | 0.37 |
| Smoking causes anxiety | 60 (36) | 64 (34) | −3.41 | 3471 | <0.001 | 67 (33) | −5.67 | 1948 | <0.001 |
| Smoking causes a slow and painful death | 68 (30) | 68 (28) | −0.59 | 3460 | 0.56 | 70 (28) | −1.93 | 1873 | 0.05 |
| Attitudes to smoking | |||||||||
| Perceived likelihood of harm | 78 (19) | 77 (17) | 0.61 | 3467 | 0.54 | 78 (17) | −0.3 | 1887 | 0.76 |
| Perceived severity of smoking harms | 87 (17) | 89 (15) | −3.97 | 3501 | <0.001 | 88 (16) | −1.73 | 1815 | 0.08 |
| Self-efficacy | 69 (32) | 67 (32) | 1.65 | 3555 | 0.1 | 64 (33) | 3.73 | 1708 | <0.001 |
| Response efficacy | 83 (24) | 84 (22) | −0.54 | 3487 | 0.59 | 84 (22) | −0.32 | 1899 | 0.75 |
| Quit intention | 60 (30) | 59 (30) | 1.61 | 3554 | 0.11 | 56 (31) | 3.9 | 2892 | <0.001 |
Vales are mean (SD), t-score, df and p-values.
*Df differ according to equality of variances of variables.
†Full wording is ‘Smoking while pregnant could cause you to lose your baby’.