Table 3

Predictors of meeting both, MVPA only and MSA only WHO guidelines since COVID-19 in comparison to not meeting WHO guidelines for MVPA and MSA (reference, n=1178)

	Both MVPA and MSA (n=388)			MVPA only (n=570)			MSA only (n=306)
	aOR	95% CI	P value	aOR	95% CI	P value	aOR	95% CI	P value
Female	1.08	0.82 to 1.41	0.588	0.79	0.62 to 1	0.049	1.02	0.77 to 1.35	0.906
Age ≤34 years
Age: 35–64 years	0.7	0.49 to 0.99	0.047	1.11	0.78 to 1.56	0.566	0.56	0.38 to 0.82	0.003
Age: 65+ years	0.53	0.32 to 0.87	0.012	1.1	0.71 to 1.7	0.676	0.99	0.6 to 1.61	0.961
White ethnicity	1.61	1.03 to 2.52	0.036	1.57	0.99 to 2.49	0.054	0.72	0.47 to 1.1	0.13
Household income ≥50 000 GBP
Income: <50 000 GBP	0.65	0.46 to 0.91	0.011	0.71	0.52 to 0.96	0.028	1.13	0.76 to 1.67	0.556
Income: prefer not to say	0.44	0.25 to 0.77	0.004	0.63	0.38 to 1.03	0.065	0.88	0.49 to 1.59	0.666
Education: post-16 years of age or higher	1.57	1.14 to 2.17	0.006	1.04	0.81 to 1.35	0.745	1.74	1.24 to 2.45	0.002
Employed	0.76	0.55 to 1.05	0.094	1.09	0.82 to 1.43	0.562	1.06	0.75 to 1.49	0.734
Laid-off/furloughed	0.79	0.51 to 1.23	0.295	1.05	0.71 to 1.54	0.813	1.14	0.71 to 1.83	0.584
Condition limiting physical activity	0.44	0.28 to 0.71	0.001	0.43	0.29 to 0.63	<0.001	0.97	0.65 to 1.45	0.881
BMI ≤24 kg/m²
BMI: 25–29.99 kg/m²	0.81	0.6 to 1.1	0.176	1.01	0.78 to 1.32	0.926	0.72	0.53 to 0.99	0.043
BMI: obese: 30+ kg/m²	0.49	0.33 to 0.73	<0.001	0.87	0.64 to 1.19	0.394	0.37	0.24 to 0.56	<0.001
Total isolation	0.44	0.23 to 0.83	0.011	0.26	0.14 to 0.5	<0.001	0.83	0.49 to 1.4	0.478
Minor/no COVID-19 risk percept	1	0.74 to 1.34	0.977	1.2	0.93 to 1.55	0.167	0.94	0.68 to 1.3	0.718
Living with children	0.81	0.57 to 1.16	0.254	0.75	0.55 to 1.03	0.079	0.66	0.44 to 0.99	0.045
Living with vulnerable	1.17	0.82 to 1.68	0.395	0.86	0.61 to 1.2	0.366	0.87	0.58 to 1.3	0.499
Access garden/balcony to exercise comfortably in	1.1	0.81 to 1.51	0.533	1.02	0.79 to 1.33	0.861	0.8	0.58 to 1.09	0.159
Access green space within walking distance	1.27	0.96 to 1.69	0.096	1.31	1.03 to 1.66	0.028	0.91	0.68 to 1.23	0.548
Smoker	0.72	0.51 to 1.02	0.062	0.93	0.7 to 1.22	0.593	0.8	0.57 to 1.14	0.218
Weekly alcohol drinking, none (reference)
Weekly or less	1	0.68 to 1.49	0.988	1.43	1.02 to 2	0.038	1.06	0.71 to 1.59	0.782
More than weekly	1.04	0.73 to 1.5	0.811	1.28	0.94 to 1.74	0.121	0.89	0.61 to 1.29	0.528
Deteriorated psychological well-being	0.56	0.43 to 0.73	<0.001	0.71	0.56 to 0.89	0.003	0.72	0.55 to 0.96	0.025
Meeting WHO PA* recommendations before COVID-19 (meeting neither=reference)
Meeting both before	16.11	11.24 to 23.07	<0.001	2.31	1.58 to 3.39	<0.001	3.72	2.45 to 5.62	<0.001
Meeting only MVPA before	3.88	2.64 to 5.7	<0.001	7.57	5.82 to 9.84	<0.001	1.47	0.94 to 2.3	0.092
Meeting only MSA before	6.38	4.26 to 9.54	<0.001	0.74	0.44 to 1.25	0.264	9.61	6.7 to 13.77	<0.001

Results from fully adjusted models using all variables listed on weighted data with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (BH FDR) correction of p values (significant in bold).
All models were also adjusted for the time of enrolment and time when COVID-19 started to affect individuals in any way. Following the BH FDR correction, the highest p value that met the threshold for significance was p=0.019.
*Meeting WHO’s physical activity recommendations before the first COVID-19 lockdown in the UK.
aOR, adjusted OR; BMI, body mass index; MSA, muscle-strengthening activity; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous aerobic physical activity.